C L I M AT E A N D D E S I G N – I I

ARCH 2203

S H E LT E R F O R
HOT- DRY CLIMATE
NATURE OF THE CLIMATE

• Very hot with dry air and dry ground.

• The air temperature at day time ranges between 27 and 49°C and normally higher than 31 to 34° C skin temperature.
• At night temperature falls as may as 22° C.
• Humidity is continuously moderate to low. So, there is little or no cloud cover and solar radiation of high intensity falls
directly on the ground.
• At night a considerable amount of heat is reradiated due to the clear sky.
• Plant life is discouraged due to- • Dry air
• Low humidity
• Minimal rainfall
• Dusty ground reflects strong sunlight and produces uncomfortable ground glare.
• Wind carries dust and sand.
PHYSIOLOGICAL OBJECTIVE

• The intense radiation from the sun should be reduced. For this, various constructions will enable the designer to select
walls and roofs according to it’s periodic heat flow characteristics to keep the inner temperature less than the skin
temperature.
• At night the air temperature is frequently low enough which permits the increase of effective temperature by the surface
temperature which is even beneficial.
• Evaporation is greater and takes place readily so special arrangement is unnecessary to increase the humidity rather it may
cause sufficient sweat.
• Breezes can’t be used to advantage indoors, unless air is cooled and dust filtered out.
•As outdoor conditions are so hostile in hot and dry climate buildings and the external living spaces need
to be highly protected from solar radiation and the hot and dusty winds.

•An enclosed , compactly planned and essentially inward looking building is the most suitable.

•Sensible application of planning principles will benefit the occupants by reducing physical movement,
efforts and fatigue.

•By placing maximum number of accommodation under one roof, thermal loading from the sun and hot
air will be considerably lessened.

•Surface exposed to the sun should be reduced as much as possible.

•The larger dimensions of a building should face north and south, as these elevation receive the lowest
heat radiation from solar radiation.

•The worst orientation is the west.

• Non-habitable rooms (storage , toilet etc)can be used as thermal barriers if placed on the east and
west end of the building.

• Projecting roofs, verandahs, shading devices, trees and utilization of surrounding walls and buildings
are familiar techniques to solve the problem shading of roofs , wall and outdoor spaces.

• Low thermal capacity materials should be used for shading devices close to openings to ensure their
quick cooling after sunset.

• If east and west walls of two buildings are placed close together, mutual shading will decrease the
heat gains on external walls.

• In hot-dry climates the tendency is to have close groups of buildings, narrow roads and
streets ,arcades , colonnades and small enclosed courtyards, in order to get maximum amount of
shade.
EXTERNAL SPACES

In warm climate, outdoor spaces should be treated carefully to make the space comfortable for outdoor day-to-day
work.

Outdoor spaces can be treated best by making it an enclosed area by walls (e.g. a courtyard) and further by adding
plants and waterbodies.

The above stated steps will treat an outdoor space in the following way:

• It prevents the ground from heating up quickly because the surrounding walls act as a self-shading device.

• It prevents painful glare and reflected heat radiation.

• Trees and waterbodies inside an outdoor space cool the area by evaporation.
EXTERNAL SPACES

• They keep out dust and hot winds from the outdoor space which acts as a filter both for dust and hot
wind from natural sources.

• A courtyard including a waterbody within surrounded by walls higher than the length or width of the
courtyard works as an excellent thermal regulator because the high walls cut off the sun cool air at
night evaporated by water stays within the courtyard.

• Besides shading the area, the walls work as a thermal cooling device by reducing the heat gained during
day by convection at night from wall surfaces. They absorb the sun radiation and prevent the space from
getting hot.

• EXTERNAL SPACES
ROOFS, WALLS AND OPENINGS

The basic method of utilizing the large diurnal temperature variations consists of the use of large thermal capacity structures.

To achieve this, walls and particularly roofs must be constructed of heavy materials with a large thermal capacity and the method
will be effective only if the morning heating up period is started with as little heat as possible.

Thus the design of openings is governed by two requirements:

• During the day the absence of openings would be more desirable or at least openings are as small as possible.
• During the night the openings should be large enough to provide adequate ventilation for the dissipation of the heat emitted by
the walls and roof.
• Occupancy Pattern- Office and commercial buildings are only occupied during the morning and early afternoon hence will need a
time lag of 4-6 hours.
But a residential building would need a time lag of 9-12 hours.
Massive roofs will be effective here.

• Thermal behavior of materials- Placing a lightweight insulating material on the outside of a massive wall or roof will give a time
lag almost four times as much as if the same insulation is placed on inside of the layer.

• Ground-Valuable means of heat storage. Building should have maximum contact with the ground. Ground floor should be solid,
not suspended. And stilts should be avoided as much as possible
 ROOF AND WALL SURFACES

Surface treatment and the selection of surface materials will also influence the thermal behavior of the building and can help in
reducing the heat load. Light colored or shiny external surfaces will reflect a large part of the incident solar radiation, thus much less
heat will actually enter the building fabric.

FOR ROOF

• The most critical part of the whole building surface is the roof. In Day time its absorb sun ray and in
the clear night sky time it will most readily emit heat by radiation to outer space.
• Any location near the Equator this receives the greatest amount of solar radiation which is cause
highest heat load.
• When the heat received comes from the sun, with a surface temperature of about 5500°C, but the
emitting temperature is that of the surface itself, rarely above 50°C on the earth.
• Materials : Bright metal surface, Aluminum sheet, White painted surface . (They will have an
absorbance around 0.2ehich is eight times as high as the bright metal (0.8 as opposed to 0.1)).
ROOF AND WALL SURFACES

FOR WALL

• Vertical wall is opposed by other surfaces of buildings and ground at a similar temperature and accordingly has little opportunity
to emit any heat by radiation.
• Materials : Bright metal surface.
• Dark colored surfaces should in all cases be avoided.
VENTILATION & AIRFLOW

D AY T I M E

NECESSITY PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

Absolute minimum ventilation of  Air is hot and dusty Air intake openings should be introduced
the coolest and most dust-free air for
hygienic reasons
 Air is not flown every corner Air circulation duct can be used

 Air becomes hotter with passing If air can be ducted to the point it is needed the
hours cool condition existing at dawn can be maintained
for the longest period possible
 INTERNAL HEAT GAIN
NECESSITY
Avoid the increment of “WILD HEAT”
by introducing ample ventilation
Internal heat gain is caused by
 Heat output of human bodies
 Cooking
 Lighting
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
 Ventilation can only remove the “high Such heat sources should be isolated and separately
grade” heat (temperature higher ventilated
than the outside air)
 Almost impossible to keep the Can be avoided by introducing ample air ventilation
internal air cooler than the
external in assembly areas (e.g.
schools, meeting halls etc.)
 Increment of air temperature when Can be avoided by introducing ample air ventilation
the bodily heat output exceeds
the rate of heat absorption by
building fabric
 NIGHT TIME

NECESSITY PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

Ample ventilation is needed where the  The celling or underside of the roof It will be an advantage if the indoor air stream at
stored heat is to be dissipated becomes the hottest surface night can be directed so that it passes the hottest
surface

It is advisable to have the top of the openings level

with the celling
 VENTILATION OF ROOF
NECESSITY
WE must consider the heat transfer
from the outer skin to the celling
This will be partly radiant (80%) and
partly conductive(20%) but there will
be no convection
A separate roof and celling is the obvious
solution for warm humid climates
PROBLEMS
 If the roof space is closed, the
enclosed volume of air may reach a
very high temperature
 Ventilation does not reduce the
radiant heat transfer
SOLUTIONS
Can be avoided by ample ventilation of the roof
space
Lowering the temperature of the inside surface of
the outer skin
Creating a low remittance surface on the inside
of the outer skin
(e.g. aluminum painted white on the outside but left
bright on the inside.
Or using highly reflective surface on top of the
celling like a bright aluminum foil)
 VENTILATION OF ROOF

NECESSITY PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

WE must consider the heat transfer  Does not work well in hot-dry regions Roof should be light and celling should be
from the outer skin to the celling massive

This will be partly radiant (80%) and Roof slopes should be oriented towards the
partly conductive(20%) but there will prevailing breeze
be no convection
Any obstructions which would prevent the air
A separate roof and celling is the obvious flow next to the roof surface should be avoided
solution for warm humid climates
High solid parapet walls around the roof would
create a stagnant pool of hot air, and should
be avoided
 OPENINGS DESIGN

NECESSITY PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS

Attention must be paid to the design of  The roof temperature both on the If the design and orientation of the openings are
the openings outside and the inside of the skin is adjusted according to the prevailing breeze it
much higher
will help removing some of the heat
TRADITIONAL SHELTER

TRADITIONAL SHELTER OF DESERT REGIONS

• Heavy walls of -
 Brick
 Earth
 Stone
• Similar roof material.
• Often used timber support where there is no vaulting.
• Rooms are built around a central courtyard providing relatively cool
private outdoor space for family activity.
• A few small windows and door openings. TRADITIONAL NIGERIAN HOUSE

• Windows are located high on the walls.

ADVANTAGES OF THICK WALL:

• Good thermal capacity.

• Security
• Protection against noise

PROBLEMS

• During prolonged hot season it’s too hot at night as thick wall
releases heat inside the shelter.

LOCAL SOLUTION: TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN HOUSE

• Roof and courtyards were used for sleeping out of doors.

ADVANTAGES OF HIGH WINDOW:

• Admit little heat and dust

• Reduces ground glare
• Use of Stack effect
• Inadequate ventilation for two purpose –
 Night time cooling
 Hygienic point of view ( reducing the spreading
of epidemics through the closely built houses)
MARITIME DESERT CLIMATE

• Main difference with hot dry desert regions is high humidity as the position is close to a sea or ocean.
• Generally two seasons.
• Glare from sea/ ocean side
• Highly humid coastal wind ( day time wind)
• Dusty inland desert air from the opposite ( night time wind)
• Example : Kuwait , Karachi etc.
• The most difficult climate for building design.
ARCHITECTURAL MEASURES

• Alternative spaces should be provided :

1) For night time:
• structure with high thermal capacity walls and roof
• Should have no openings facing the inland direction.
2) For day time:
• Light weight construction
• The roof only to provide shade
• The side facing the sea and the opposite side should be almost completely open.
• Wind scoop has its greatest benefit as the high humidity requires more air circulation in summer.

THE WIND SCOOP

• In maritime climate wind scoop has its greatest benefit . As the high humidity requires more air circulation in summer.
THANK YOU