BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The background of your study will provide context to the information

discussed throughout the research process. The background information
of your study may include both important and relevant studies.
The background of the study will deliberate your statement of the
problem, rationale, and research questions.
It includes the purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study
It serves as the introduction
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Sample Background of the Study:
GRADE 11 STUDENTS’ LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON THE 3R’S METHOD IN
UTILIZING NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE IN CAMBAOG NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL
In today’s generation, a lot of problems have been emerging in our society and the most
common problem that humans are facing right now is the environmental concerns, specifically
the solid waste which includes the biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Waste can be defined
to be as those materials that are no longer needed at some point. Biodegradable wastes are those
that can be easily decomposed while non-biodegradable wastes are those that cannot be broken
and decomposed in which these will remain stable indefinitely. Moreover, non-biodegradable
wastes bring problems to our environment
Think of a possible topic
Think of a possible topic
Statement of the Problem: In the first week of limited face-to-face classes
implementation, the CNHS learners encountered different challenges in terms
of learning habits.

Rationale: To determine what are the challenges encountered by the CNHS

learners and to propose strategies to cope up with these challenges.

Research Questions: What are the challenges encountered by the CNHS

learners?

What are the strategies used by the learners to cope up with the challenges?
 10 minutes
Think of a possible topic
Statement of the Problem:

Rationale:

Research Questions:
CONCEPTUAL & THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
The theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide
evidence of academic standards and procedures that
validates the authenticity of the study. They also proposed an
explanation and clarification of why the study is relevant and
how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.
Walberg’s (1981) Theory of Educational Productivity
CONCEPTUAL & THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Let’s try this!
Identify the Independent and
Dependent Variables

THE IMPACT OF THE OUTCOME OF DIET HOW DOES PHONE USE HOW WELL DO DIFFERENT
FLUORESCENT, AND REGULAR SODA ON BEFORE BEDTIME AFFECT PLANT SPECIES
INCANDESCENT, AND BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS SLEEP? TOLERATE SALT WATER?
NATURAL LIGHTS TO THE
GROWTH RATE OF
TOMATOES.
Identify the Independent and
Dependent Variables

1 2 3 4 5
THE EFFECTS OF EXTRA- THE EFFECTS OF IMPACT OF FAMILY TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES THE EFFECTS OF SENIOR
CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRUCTURE AND AND BELIEFS AND THE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’
ON GRADE 11 STUDENT’S ON ACADEMIC PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT CRUCIAL ROLE THEY PARTICIPATION IN
PERCEIVED ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF GRADE IN LOW SOCIOECONOMIC PLAY IN THE EDUCATION COMPETITIVE SPORTS ON
SELF-EFFICACY 12 STUDENTS AREAS ON READING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACADEMIC SUCCESS
DEVELOPMENT OF GRADE LEARNER
2 STUDENTS

5 minutes
CONCEPTUAL & THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Research Hypothesis is vital to all research endeavors, whether
qualitative or quantitative, exploratory, or explanatory.
In developing a testable research hypothesis, it takes skill, however,
along with careful attention to how the proposed research method
treats the development and testing of hypotheses. The hypothesis in
your study, you are predicting the relationship between two
variables.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Sample Research Hypothesis

Research Problem:
Does taking aspirin everyday reduce the chance of having a heart attack?

Null Hypothesis:
Taking aspirin daily does not affect heart attack risk.

Alternative Hypothesis:
Taking aspirin daily affects heart attack risk.
Think of a possible topic
Statement of the Problem: In the first week of limited face-to-face classes
implementation, the CNHS learners encountered different challenges in terms
of learning habits.

Null Hypothesis:

Alternate Hypothesis:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problem statement should address the relevance of the research why is it important to resolve the
problem. The problem statement need not lay world changing impact. What is important is that the
problem statement should lay how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not be to find
a conclusive solution, but to seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective
approaches to understanding it.

You may start with the following phrases:

The aim of this study is to determine:

This project aims to explore:
I aim to investigate:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Purpose of the Statement of the Problem:
To describe the substantive focus of the research study

To frame it as larger theoretical policy

To frame it as practical problem and thereby, develop its significance

To pose initial research questions

To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and

To discuss the limitations of the study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Specific Title of the Study:

Narcissism in Teenagers: Root Causes, Manifestations and Interventions

Statement of the Problem

Major Problem: This study aims to investigate the root causes of narcissism, as well as its manifestations and possible
forms of intervention.

Specific Problems: Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

What are the underlying causes of narcissism?

How has technology contributed to narcissistic behavior?

What are the manifestations of narcissistic behavior in adolescents?

What forms of intervention can be done to address this behavior of adolescents?

How can the following help in developing healthy self-esteem, positive outlooks and attitudes in adolescents?
Ways of stating the problem
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. A question and/or several questions (?)

2. A declarative sentence and/or series of complete
statements (.)
3. A combination of both (i.e. a statement followed by a
series of questions or vice versa (? and .)
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problem stated in a question form
Single question
 Does smoking cause lung cancer among adult males?
 Does wearing face mask prevent COVIID-19 transmission?
 Does democratic administration of private schools produce lower
turnover rate among teachers?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problem stated in a question form
Single question followed by a series of questions / subproblems
What are the common methods of contraception practiced by fifty
selected mothers in Barangay Cambaog?
 Is the selection of a particular method influenced by religion,
socioeconomic status or education of the parents?
 What problems do these mothers face, if any, in the particular
method of choice?
 What implications does this study have for public health workers in
the area?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problems stated in the form of declarative sentence
Single declarative sentence
 To determine whether students who watch television read fewer
books.
 To investigate if mobile gaming inhibits the student’s
performance in modular distance learning.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Problems stated in the form of declarative sentence

A series of declarative sentences
The study attempts to determine:
 The general food patterns and food intake as well as food choices
of families whose mothers had nutrition education background
 The food groups in which their meals were deficient
 How adequately these nutritional needs are met
 The foods that may safely substitute for unavailable or expensive
foods
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Problems stated in the form of declarative sentence
A declarative sentence followed by a series of questions
To determine the proper sequence of learning experiences in schools
geared to the needs of the students:
 What were the needs of the students in school?
 What sequence of learning experience was provided for students
in school?
 Did these experienced meet the learning needs of the students?
SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE OF
THE STUDY
In an actual fact, the section on the significance of the study
provides information to the reader on how the study will
contribute. It must be exactly stated, however, what the
study will contribute and who will benefit from it.
SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE OF
THE STUDY
 SIGNIFICANCE/IMPORTANCE OF
THE STUDY
Significance of the Study
The researcher believed that the result of this study will help the following assess the 4Ps program and its effect to the performance of
the pupils.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development. The researcher believes that the result of this study will be of great importance to
the department since they are the ones monitoring the 4Ps program. May this study serve as the basis in the modification of the
conditions in giving cash grants
The Administrators. The result of the study would be the basis of constructing and implementing new and innovative teaching aids to
help teachers fully supervise and assess the pupils to achieve their full potentials, since children are financially supported in their
studies by the government.
The Teachers. The result of this study may help the teacher in constructing and developing new teaching strategies to help the
students in their performance and be mindful that even if students are provided and supported by the government, they still need
equal guidance to perform well in school. The factors affecting the performance of the students may also help the teacher as their
basis in making daily lessons.
The Parents. The result of this study will inform the parents that their guidance is a big impact on the performance of the students in
school.
The Students. May the result of this research help the student in understanding that coming to school daily may be a guarantee that
they will also have good academic performance. And may the result give them the overview of how the government is supporting their
studies and that they must do their part by studying well.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
The scope and delimitation of the study set borders and
limitations of the problem inquiry and narrow down the scope of the
inquiry.
The purpose of the delimitation of the study is to delimit by
geographic location, age, sex, population traits, population size, or
other similar aspects. Delimitation makes study more manageable and
feasible. Part of it sets the constraints or weaknesses of a study which
are beyond the control of the researcher.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
Examples of Delimitation of Research
 This study covers only those families in Barangay Cambaog,
Bustos, Bulacan, benefited by the government’s Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program.
 This study includes only those English freshman classes that
use both Blended Learning and standard ways of Language
teaching
What is the difference between
limitations and delimitations?

Limitations are what the researcher cannot do (elements

outside of their control) and delimitations are what the
researcher will not do (elements outside of the boundaries
they have set).
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Glossary of Research Terms – this glossary is intended to assist you in
understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading,
interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences.
Types and Functions
1. Conceptual Definition – Refers to the dictionary meaning.
2. Operational Definition – The meaning of the concept or terms as
used in a particular study