NATURAL AND POWER

RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
LECTURERE # 4
Introduction
Definition of resources:
Resources are defined as a means of meeting a need,
practically an economic or social need, of the people.
Definition of natural resources:
Natural resources means that naturally occurring
materials such as coal, fertile land etc. that can be use
by man. (Collins Concise dictionary, page-1085).
Natural resources are the gift from Allah Almighty to
human being.
Importance of natural resources:
Pakistan is rich in natural resources. It has
mountains,
plains,
deserts,
fertile soils,
rivers,
oceans
and natural warm water (Arabian sea).
Natural resources are very important for the
development and prosperity of a country
Types of resources

Resources are of two types

1. Nonrenewable: A non-renewable resource is a
resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate
in meaningful human time-frames, like fossil fuels,
oil ,natural gas….. Earth minerals.
2. Renewable (power sources): A renewable resource
is a resource which can be used repeatedly and
replaced naturally or by human ability, like air,
wind, fresh water, solar energy 
Natural resources of pakistan
Following are the main natural resources of Pakistan
 i. land
 ii. Water
 iii. Air/wind
 iv. Forests
 v. Natural gas
Arable land (productive and cultivable land)
The economy of Pakistan is based largely on
agriculture. Approximately
70% of the national income comes from agriculture.
80% of the people are engaged in farming.
90% of the export trade is based on agriculture
products.
Arable land (productive and cultivable land)
About 83% of the cultivated land now is in food grains
whereas this probably should not exceed 80% in order
to leave enough land for other crops, particularly jute
and cotton which provide most of the foreign
exchange.
Water
 water is basic need of life. Human beings, animal and
plants cannot live without water.
Water is essential for sustaining quality of life on
earth. In Pakistan its importance is more than
ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy.
Water
The share of agriculture sector in the Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) of Pakistan is about 25%.
Since agriculture is the major user of water, therefore
sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and
adequate availability of water.
The increasing pressure of population and
industrialization have already place greater demands
on water. Historically, the high infertility index of the
country is adding further to the significance of water
in development activities of Pakistan.
Though Pakistan once a water-surplus country with
huge water resources of the Indus river system,
Pakistan is now a deficit country.
Five major tributaries joining its eastern side are
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
The famous lakes of Pakistan are haleji lake, hana
lake, keenjhar lake, manchhar lake and saiful muluk
etc.
Famous lakes of Pakistan
Lake Saiful Muluk
Air/winds:
The air is composed of
nitrogen,
oxygen
and carbon dioxide etc.
these are the base of existence of ever form of life on
earth.
The oxygen in the air is essential for our life whereas
other gases are necessary for animal and plant life.
Forests:
Forest are extensive, continues areas of land
dominated by trees.
The forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic and
climate effect in the country.
The desired level of forests is 20-30 percent of the
total land of a country.
In Pakistan only about 4.8 percent of the total area is
forested which is very low.
Natural Gas
The largest natural gas deposit is at Sui (on the border
between Baluchistan and Punjab) initially discovered
in 1953.
A smaller field was discovered in 1957 in sindh-Mari.
MAJOR TYPES OF MINERALS
Iron ore
Copper
Chromate
Limestone
Gypsum
Marble
Sulphur
Rock salt
IRON ORE
Iron ore is very important for the progress of a
country.
In Pakistan iron is not of good quality so it is imported
to meet our needs.
The biggest reservoir of iron is found in kala bagh.
Iron obtained from chitral and nokundi is of good
quality.
Iron fulfills only 16% of our needs
COPPER
It is used in manufacturing electric goods especially
electric wires.
In past it was only used in making coins and utensils.
Its reservoirs are in provinces of Baluchistan and
frontier.
Saindak copper project
CHROMATE
It is white metal which is used to make iron.
It is also used in manufacturing certain instruments,
aero planes and colors.
It is also used in the art of photography.
It is exported to get large amount of foreign exchange.
LIMESTONE
Limestone is very useful raw material for Cement
industry.
It is found in the northern and western mountain
areas of Pakistan.
Large deposits are found in Hyderabad and Karachi.
The annual production of limestone is 9.9 thousand
tones.
GYPSUM
It is bright stone of white color.
It is an important wealth of our county.
It is used in cement, chemical fertilizer and plaster of
Paris.
It is obtained from salt range and western
mountainous areas of Pakistan.
MARBLE
It is very beautiful stone of white or black color.
It is used in the floors or walls of building to make
them attractive and beautiful.
A large quantity of white and black marble is found in
muzaffarabad and mirpur of azad kashmir.
In our country marble is of various types. It is also in
swat, noshera, hazara, gilgit etc,
SULPHUR
It is necessary part of explosive material . It is very
important for the defense of a country.
It is also used in making sulphuric acid and many
other chemicals.
It is also used in chemical industries.
Industries are being set up in Quetta and Karachi.
ROCK SALT
Pakistan has vast reserves of salt. It is used in various
eatables, the biggest is khewra mine.
This mine is introducing high quality of salt from
centuries.
We get salt from seawater near mirpur and coast of
makran. This sea salt is used to preserve fish and is in
some industrial use.
 POWER AND ENERGY RESOURCES
(renewable resources)

Types of power
Thermo electric power (oil, coal, gas are used)
Nuclear power (reaction> heat> turbines>elc)
Hydroelectric power (Falling water)
1.Thermo electric power

Electricity is a flexible form of energy that can be easily

converted into heat, light or sound energy.
Electricity that is generated by non-renewable
resources like oil, coal, gas, nuclear fuel is called “
thermal electricity”.
Four major power producers:
There are four major power producers in the country.
i. Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),
ii. Karachi Electric (K-Electric),
iii. Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
iv. Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).
2.NUCLEAR POWER
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that
release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most
frequently is then used in steam turbines to
produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. 
There are two nuclear power plants:
1. Karachi nuclear power plant (KANUPP) (established
in 1971-72). (Hawks Bay Karachi).
2. Chashma-1 plant completed in 2000, Mianwali (Punjab)
Chashma-2 plant completed in 2009 Mianwali (Punjab)
Chashma-3 and 4 plant in progress.
3.Hydroelectric power
 It is generated by the pressure of falling water. The
production of power through use of the gravitational
force of falling or flowing water.
 It is the most widely used form of renewable energy.
 Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the
project produces no direct waste, and has a
considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel (crude oil), coal,
and natural gases) powered energy plants.
 Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is
responsible for the generation, transmission and
distribution of power.
Places of hydroelectric power
At the time of independence two hydroelectric power were
working
at Malakand (Sawat) and Rasool (Gujrat). Now twelve
hydro electrical power are working in the following places.
1) Tarbala,
2) Mangla,
3) Warsak,
4) Dargai,
5) Shadiwal,
6) Chichokimallaian,
7) Nandipur,
8) Kurram Garhi,
9) Renala
10) and Chitral.
MAJOR DAMS OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
Mangla dam
Tarbala dam
Bhasha and kala bagh dam
Ghazi brotha
Warsk dam
Simly dam
Hub dam
Coal

We have not yet discovered coal which can be used in engines.
It is mostly used in manufacturing Calcium and bricks.
Some coal is also used in homes.
We have got coal from various spots places but it is not a good
quality.
 It fulfils 10% of our needs.
Places of coal
The biggest mines of coal is salt range in Kohistan in the region of
Makarwal in Punjab. In these regions coal is also found in
Dundot
and Pudh.
Crude oil
Oil is very important in modern age.
It is used in factories, industries and transport. Motorcars,
tractors, train and truck etc.
 It is also used in homes. Average production of oil in Pakistan
cannot meet its need.
Places of crude oil
We are getting oil from khor, bhullian, tut, kot, sarug, miyal,
dherznund (District Attock), kazian (district rawalpindi), Dhodak
(district Dera Ghai Khan), Kursal (district Jhelum), and khushkhali
(district badeen). The oil obtained from attock, Jhelum and chakwal
districts is refined in morgah refinery near Rawalpindi. Refinery
means the industry were crude oil is refined for different purposes.