Parts of speech 

Performed by the student of group 4.4Ed

                Diana Muravska
                                                                           2022
Parts of speech 
 Parts of speech are grammatical classes of
words distinguished on the basis of three
criteria: semantic, morphological and
syntactic, i.e. meaning, form and function.
 MEANING Semantic Properties Each part of speech
is characterized by the general meaning which is
an abstraction from the lexical meanings of
constituent words.Semantic properties of a part of
speech find their expression in the grammaticall
properties. 
 To sleep, a sleep, sleepy, asleep refer
to the same phenomenon of objective
reality, but they belong to different
parts of speech, as their grammatical
properties are different. So meaning
is a supportive criterion which helps
to check the purely grammatical
criteria, those of form and function.
 FORM(Morphological Properties.This criterion
is not always reliable as many words are
invariable and many words contain no
derivational affixes. Besides, the same
derivational affixes may be used to build
different parts of speech:ly can end an
adjective, an adverb, a noun: a daily;-tian can
end a noun and a verb: to position.Because of
the limitation of meaning and form as criteria
we mainly rely on a word's function as a
criterion of its class.
 FUNCTION (Syntactic Properties^Syntactic
properties of a class of words are the
combinability of words (the distributional
criterion) and typical functions in the
sentence.The three criteria of defining
grammatical classes of words in English may
be placed in the following order: function,
form, meaning.
The linguistic evidence drawn from our grammatical study
makes it possible to divide all the words of the language
into:
 those denoting things, objects, notions, qualities, etc. –

words with the corresponding references in the objective

reality – notional words;(nouns,verbs,adj,adverbs)
 those having no references of their own in the objective

reality; most of them are used only as grammatical

means to form up and frame utterances
– function words, or grammatical words.
(prepositions,conj,articles,particles)  features: very
general, and weak lexical meaning2)obligatory
combinability3)the function of linking and specifying
words
 The division of language units into notion
and function words reveals the interrelation
of lexical and grammatical types of meaning.
In notional words the lexical meaning is
predominant. In function words
the grammatical meaning dominates over the
lexical one