CULTURAL

CHANGES
 What is MULTICULTURALISM ?
According to Harrison
(1984), multiculturalism is
a theory about the
foundations of a culture
rather than
a practice which subsumes
cultural ideas.
What is MULTICULTURALISM ?
Multiculturalism is a systematic
and comprehensive response to
cultural and ethnic diversity,
with educational, linguistic,
economic and social
components and specific
institutional mechanisms.
Whenever two or more people come together
with a shared purpose, they form a culture with
its own written and unwritten rules for behavior.
Our families, workplaces, and communities all
have cultures. These cultures
have a tremendous,
though rarely recognized,
impact upon our
behavior as individuals.
Changes in culture that are initiated by
a group need cultural support of
members of the group, or else they will
not last long. A supportive
cultural environment
is needed for lasting
change.
 as a model of democratic
MULTICULTURALISM
policy response to culture and ethnic
diversity is of to UNESCO, in so far
as it corresponds to the ideal of a
culture of peace,
based on respect
of diversity, as well
as universally shared
values and norms.
MULTICULTURALISM
is a policy that emphasizes the
unique characteristics of different
cultures,
especially as they
relate to one
another in
receiving in nation.
 Three interrelated, but nevertheless
distinctive, referents of multiculturalism
and its related adjective multicultural

1. The demographic-
descriptive usage occurs where the
word multicultural
refers to the existence of
linguistically, culturally and
ethnically diverse segments
in the population of a society
or state.
2. Ideological-normative
usage of multiculturalism generates the greatest level
of debate since its constitutes a slogan and basis for
political action.

3. Programmatic- political
usage of multiculturalism
refers to the specific
policies developed to
respond and manage
ethnic diversity.
 What is MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION ?

Banks and Banks(1995)

define multicultural education as a field of
study and an emerging discipline whose
major
aim is to create equal
educational
opportunities from
diverse racial, ethnic,
social class and cultural group.
According to James Banks(2001), the
primary goal of multicultural education is
to transform the school so that male and
female students, exceptional students, and
students from diverse cultural,
social class, racial,
and ethnic groups
experience an equal
opportunity to learn.
A related goal of multicultural education is to
help all students develop more positive attitudes
toward different racial, ethnic, cultural and
religious group. One way of achieving this goal
is to transform the
curriculum by integrating
these groups. James
Banks says that there
are four approaches for
accomplishing this..
LEVEL 1 :
CONTRIBUTIONS
Heroes, holidays and food
become special focus on a
particular day, recognizing
the contributions of
various groups.
LEVEL 4 : SOCIAL
ACTION
Students make decisions
about their world and
become directly involved
in social action.
LEVEL 2 : ADDITIVE
Special units and topics
about various groups are
added to, but do not
fundamental alter, the
curriculum.
LEVEL 3 :
TRANSFORMATION
Curriculum is changed, so
that student see the world
from different perspective
of various groups.
 Multicultural education
is progressive approach for transforming
education that holistically critiques and
addresses current shortcomings,
failings and
discriminatory
practices in education.
 Multicultural education
acknowledges that schools are essential
to laying the foundation for the
transformation of
society and the
elimination of
oppression and
injustice.
 Multicultural education
applies content from these field and
disciplines to pedagogy and curriculum
development in
educational
settings.
Despite a multitude of differing
conceptualizations of multicultural education,
several shared ideals provide a basis for its
understanding. While some focus on individual
students or teachers, and others are much more “
macro “ in scope, these
ideals are all, at their
roots, about
transformation:
Every students must have an equal
opportunity to achieve her or his full
potential.

 Every students must be prepared to

competently
participate in an
Increasingly
intercultural society.
Teachers must be prepared to
effectively facilitate learning for
every individual student, no
matter how culturally similar or
different from
themselves.
Schools must be active
participants in ending oppression of
all types, first by ending oppression
within their own walls, then by
producing socially and
critically active and
aware students.
Education must become
more fully student-
centered and inclusive of
the voices and
experiences of
the students.
Educators, activists and other must take a
more active role in reexamining all
educational practices and how they affect
the learning of all students : testing
methods, teaching approaches,
evaluation and
assessment, school
psychology and
counseling.
 MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
is a concern affecting every phase and
aspects of teaching enabling teachers to
scrutinize their options and choices to
clarify what social
information they
are conveying
overtly and covertly
to their students.
Dimensions of Multicultural Education There
are five dimensions of multicultural education
according to Banks (1997 ). They are :

1. Content Integration
2. Knowledge Construction Process
3. Prejudice Reduction
4. Equity Pedagogy
5. Empowering school
culture and social structure
1.CONTENT INTEGRATION -
it deals with the extent to which
teachers use examples and content from
a variety of cultures and groups to
illustrate key concepts,
generalizations, and
issues within their
subject area or
disciplines.
2.KNOWLEDGE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS –
it describe how teachers help students to
understand, investigate, and determine how the
biases, frames of reference, and perspectives
within a discipline
influence the ways in
which knowledge is
constructed within it.
3. PREJUDICE REDUCTION –

it describe lessons and activities

used by teachers to help students to
develop positive attitudes
toward different
racial, ethnic, and
cultural groups.
4. EQUITY PEDAGOGY - it
exists when teachers modify their
teaching in ways that will facilitate
the academic achievement of
students from
diverse racial,
cultural, and
social class groups.
5. EMPOWERING SCHOOL
CULTURE AND SOCIAL
STRUCTURE is created when the
–

culture and organization of the school

are transformed in ways that enable
students from diverse racial, ethnic, and
gender groups to experience equality and
equal status.
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