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H P Me Mee E E: 1 Show That The Wavelength of An Electron Can Be Expressed As
H P Me Mee E E: 1 Show That The Wavelength of An Electron Can Be Expressed As
h
p 2mE ;
( 2me ) E
34 9
6.63 10 1 1.226 10
31 19
(2 9.1110 1.6 10 ) E E
Matter waves
2 Show that the wavelength of an electron of energy E can be
expressed as 1.50V
V
where V is the accelerating potential in volts and in nm
h
p 2meV ;
( 2me ) V
34 9
6.63 10 1 1.50 10
(2 9.1110 1.6 10 ) V
31 19
V
Matter waves
3 Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of
(i) An electron with energy (a) 10 eV (b) 15 keV (c) 1 MeV
1.226
(i) (a) E (E in eV)
1.226
0.387 nm 387 pm
10
1.226
0.0100nm 10 pm
(b) 15 10 3
Matter waves
(ii)=(h/p)=(h/mv)=(6.6310-34)/(9.1110-31105)
=6.93 10-6m
(iii) =h /p = 6.63 10-34 /[2mE]
=6.6310-34/[2(1.6710-27)(15)1.6 10-19)]
= 7.410-12 m =7.4pm
Matter waves
3 Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of
(iv) A neutron with an energy of 10 keV
=h /p = 6.63 10-34 /[2mE]
=6.6310-34/[2(1.6710-27)(10103)1.6 10-19)]= 2.8710-13 m
1.50V
V
V = 1.5/ 2 = 15 kV
Davisson and Germer experiment
5 A crystal is cut such that the rows of atoms in its surface are separated by a
distance of 0.352nm. A beam of electrons is accelerated through a potential
difference of 175 V and is incident normally on the surface. At what angles
relative to the incident beam would the diffracted beams be observed?
Solution
1.5V 1.5V
(nm) 0.0926nm
V 175
d sin =n d=lattice spacing, = wavelength of
matter wave;
= angle between the incident & the
scattered beam
sin= ( /d) n ; (0.0926nm/0.352nm)n = 0.263n
=sin -1 (0.263n) = 15.3, 31.8,52.4
Matter waves
6 Show that the de Broglie wavelength of a particle of rest mass m0 and kinetic
energy K is given by
hc
K ( K 2 m0 c 2 )
2 2 2 21
E ( pc) (m0c ) ; p E 2 (m0 c 2 ) 2
c
h hc hc
p E 2 (m0 c 2 ) 2 ( K m0c 2 ) 2 (m0c 2 ) 2
hc
( K m0 c 2 m0c 2 )( K m0 c 2 m0c 2 )
hc
2
K ( K 2m0 c )
Wave packet
7 Certain ocean waves travel with a phase velocity
g
2
Where, g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the group velocity of a
wave packet of these waves in terms of the phase velocity.
g g
vp
2 k
g
d (k )
d k d ( gk ) 1
vg g
dk dk dk 2( gk )
1 g 1
vp
2 k 2
Wave packet
8 An electron has a de Broglie wavelength of 2.00nm. Find its kinetic
energy, phase velocity and the group velocity of the de Broglie
waves.
KE=p2/2m =(h/)2 /2m
=(6.6310-34/(2 10-12)2/(2 9.1110-31)
= 6.03810-20 J=0.377eV
Vg =(2E/m)
=(26.03810-20)/(9.1110-31)
= 3.64 105m/s
At x=L/3
P= (2 / L)[sin2 [( /L)(L/3)] =( 2 / L)(3/4)=1/L
P(dx) =(3/ 2 100)(10) =0.15
At x=L/4
P= (2 / L)[sin2 [( /L)(L/4)] =( 2 / L)(1/2)=1/L
P(dx) =(1/100)(10) =0.10
At x=L
P= (2 / L)[sin2 [( /L)(L)] = (2/L) 0
P(dx)=0
Infinite potential well
(d) In the first excited state what is the probability of finding the electron
between x1 = 0 and x2 = 25 pm?
x2
2 n
x {sin ( L ) x} dx
2
P ( x1, x2 )
L 1
x2
1 2n
L x {1 cos( L ) x}dx
1
1 L 2n
x2
xx1
x2
sin( )x
L 2n L x1
Infinite potential well
For the first excited state n=2; Limits X1 =0 and x2 =25pm =L/4
Substituting the value of n and the limits
1 L4 L 4 4
L
P ( x1, x2 ) x0 sin( ) x
L 4 L 0
1 L L 4 L 4 L
0 sin( ) sin( )
L 4 4 L 4 L 4
1 L 1 L 1 1
sin sin 0 0 0
L 4 L 4 4 4
0.25
P =0.25
Infinite potential well
(e) What is the difference in the values of momentum
of the electron in the ground state and 2 nd excited
state?
i ( P2 P0 ) 2mE2 2mE0
2
2mE0 n 2mE0
2mE0 n2 1
2 9.11 10 31
6.01 10 18
3 1
34
6.63 10 kg .m / s
Infinite potential well
(e) What is the difference in the values of velocity of
the electron in the ground state and 2nd excited
state?
2 E2 2 E2 2 E0 n 2
2 E0
ii (v2 v0 )
m m m m
2 18
2 E0 n 2 6.0110
n2 1 31 3 1 7.28 10 m / s
6
m 9.1110 m
Infinite potential well
(e) What is the difference in the values of (iii) de
Broglie wavelength of the electron in the ground
state and 2nd excited state?
h h h h
(iii )(2 0 )
2 mE 2 2 mE0
2mE0 n
2
2mE0
h 1 h 1 10
1 1 1.33 10 133 pm
2mE0 n2 2mE0 n2
Infinite potential well
(f) What are the values the uncertainty in the position of the
electron and its momentum?
(px)(x) ≥ (h/4) ;
px ≥ h/(4 )(x)
px ≥ h /[4 100 10–12] ;
px = 5.28 10–25 kg .m/s
Infinite potential well
(g) What are the values of the probability density at the mid point of the
region, in the ground state and in the first excited state?
2 2 n
sin 2 x
L L
At x L / 2 and n 2 ( first excited state)
2 2 L
sin 2 0
L L 2
At x L / 2 and n 1 ( ground state)
2 2 n
sin 2 x
L L
At x L / 2 and n 1
2 L 2
sin 2 2 1010
L L 2 L
Infinite potential well
6 Compare the ground state momenta, the ground state kinetic energy and
the uncertainties in the velocities of an electron and a proton (mass =
1840 x electron mass) confined in a one dimensional “box” of length
1.0 nm. h
Pe e
Momenta: 1 e e 1nm
Pp h
p
Kinetic energy: pe 2
Ke 2me mp
2
1840 pe p p
Kp pp me
2m p
Uncertainty:
ve 2me xe mp
1840 xe x p
v p me
2 m p x p
Infinite potential well
9 An electron is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential well of
width 0.251 nm. Initially electron occupies the n ═ 4 state. Suppose the
electron jumps to the ground state, with the emission of a photon.
(a) what is the energy of the photon?
Solution
2
2 h
E E0 n ; E0 2
8mL
[6.6 3 10 34 ]2
8 9.11 10 34 (0.251 10 9 ) 2
9.57 10 19 J
h2
E(3 0) n
2 3
2
n 2
0
8mL
9.57 10 19
16 1 90eV
Infinite potential well
9 An electron is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential well
of width 0.251 nm. Initially electron occupies the n ═ 4 state. Suppose
the electron jumps to the ground state, with the emission of a photon.
(b) What is the difference in the velocity of the electron in the two states ?
Solution
2 E2 2 E2 2 E0 n 2
2 E0
ii (v2 v0 )
m m m m
2 19
2 E0 n 2 9.57 10
n2 1 31 16 1 4.35 10 m / s
6
m 9.1110 m
Infinite potential well
9 An electron is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential well
of width 0.251 nm. Initially electron occupies the n ═ 4 state. Suppose
the electron jumps to the ground state, with the emission of a photon.
(c )What is the difference in the wavelength of the electron in the two states?
Solution h h
(iii )(2 0 )
2 mE2 2 mE0
h h
2 mE0 n 2
2mE0
h 1
1
2mE0 n2
h 1
1
2m 9.57 10 19 16
3.77 10 10 m 377 pm
Infinite potential well
9 An electron is trapped in an infinitely deep one-dimensional potential well
of width 0.251 nm. Initially electron occupies the n ═ 4 state. Suppose
the electron jumps to the ground state, with the emission of a photon.
(d) How much is the uncertainty in the velocity of the electron in the potential
well.
Solution
Uncertainty in velocity=vx
(x)(px) ≥ (h/4) ; vx ≥ h/(4 )(mx)
vx ≥ 6.63 10-34/[4 9.1110-31 0.251 10-9]
≥ 230734
Potential barrier
8 A 30-eV electron is incident on a square barrier of height 40 eV. What is
the probability that the electron will tunnel through the barrier if its width is
(a) 1.0 nm? (b) 0.10 nm?
Solution:
Transmission coefficient T ≈ e –2k2L
2m(U E )
k2
2
2 9.111031 (40 30) 1.6 1019 4 2
34 2
1.618 10 10
[6.63 10 ]
For L 1nm
32.4
T e 8.5 1015
For L 0.1nm
3.24
T e 0.039
Potential barrier
18 Electrons with energies of 0.400eV are incident on a barrier 3.00eV
high and 0.100nm wide. Find the approximate probability for these
electrons to penetrate the barrier.
Transmission coefficient T ≈ e –2k2L
2m(U E )
k2
2
2 9.111031 (3 0.4) 1.6 10 19 (2 ) 2
8.25 109
[6.63 1034 ]2
For L 0.1nm
1.65
T e 0.192