BIOMOL

2 OKTOBER 2019
LATIHAN SOAL-TRIVIAL QUESTIONS

 What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

BASA NITROGEN
GULA
GUGUS FOSFAT
Senyawa yang terdiri atas gula
(ribose/deoksiribosa) dan basa nitrogen
disebut……………….
Fredrick Griffith’s experiment involving
Streptococcus pneumoniae lead to the
discovery of____________
a) DNA as genetic material
b) RNA as genetic material
c) Protein as genetic material
d) Transforming principle d
Manakah yang merupakan basa purin ? 
a) Cytosine
b) Thymine d
c) Uracil
d) Adenine
Manakah yang bukan bagian dari RNA ?
a) Thymine
b) Adenine
c) Guanine a
d) Cytosine
Which of the following involves in carrying
genetic information from DNA for protein
synthesis?
a) m-RNA
b) t-RNA a
c) r-RNA
d) sn-RNA
The sugar molecule in a nucleotide is
a) Pentose
b) Hexose a
c) Tetrose
d) Triose
Building blocks of nucleic acids are
a) Nucleotides
b) Nucleosides a
c) Amino acids
d) Histones
Which of the following is an important
precursor in purine pathway?
a) Glycine
b) Aspartate a
c) Glutamine
d) Leucine
Which of the following is an important
precursor in pyrimidine pathway?
a) Glycine
b) Aspartate b
c) Glutamine
d) Leucine
Conversion of dUMP to dTMP is catalyzed by
a) Thymidylate synthase
b) Dihydrofolate reductase a
c) Dihyhroorotase
d) Cytidylate synthase
 DNA replication is
a) Conservative
b) Non-conservative c
c) Semi-conservative
d) None
Which of the following statement is false about
DNA?
a) Located in chromosomes
b) Carries genetic information from parent to
offspring
c) Abundantly found in cytoplasm c
d) There is a precise correlation between amount
of DNA and number of sets of chromosome per
cell
Semi-conservative DNA replication was first
demonstrated in
a) Drosophila melanogaster
b) Escherichia coli b
c) Streptococcus pneumonae
d) Drosophila melanogaster
View Answer
Which of the following is true about DNA
polymerase? a
a) It can synthesize DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction
b) It can synthesize DNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction
c) It can synthesize mRNA in the 3’ to 5’
direction
d) It can synthesize mRNA in the 5’ to 3’
direction
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA
replicated?
a) G1 phase. b
b) S phase.
c) G2 phase.
d) M phase.
The reaction in DNA replication catalyzed by
DNA ligase is c
a) Addition of new nucleotides to the leading
strand
b) Addition of new nucleotide to the lagging
strand
c) Formation of a phosphodiester bond between
the 3’-OH of one Okazaki fragment and the 5’-
phosphate of the next on the lagging strand
d) Base pairing of the template and the newly
formed DNA strand
DNA unwinding is done by
a) Ligase b
b) Helicase
c) Topoisomerase
d) Hexonuclease
Which of the following enzymes is the principal
replication enzyme in E. coli?
a) DNA polymerase I
b) DNA polymerase II c
c) DNA polymerase III
d) None of these
The enzyme used to join bits of DNA is
a) DNA polymerase
b) DNA ligase
c) Endonuclease b
d) Primase
Transcription is catalyzed by
a) RNA polymerases
b) DNA polymerases a
c) Reverse transcriptases
d) DNA ligases
In bacterial promoters, which of the following describes
the 'Pribnow box'?
a) The 5' untranslated region b
b) The -10 box
c) The -35 box
d) The termination sequence
Which of the following best describes the 'cap'
modification of eukaryotic mRNA?

a) A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 3' end

of the transcript. b
b) A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end
of the transcript.
c) A string of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end
of the transcript.
d) A string of adenine nucleotides added to the 5' end
of the transcript.
Where does RNA polymerase bind DNA?
a) Promoter
a
b) Operator
c) Enhancer
d) None
The role of mRNA in protein synthesis is
a) It translates genetic code to a specific amino
acid
b) It modifies mRNA molecules prior to
protein synthesis c
c) It provides genetic blueprint for the protein
d) It catalyzes the process
Which of the following occur in both
eukaryotic and bacterial transcription? Please
select all that apply.
a) 5' cap.
b) polyA tail. c&d
c) Promoter.
d) DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
Physical and Chemical
Properties of Nucleic Acids
General properties

 Acidity
 Amphiphilic molecules; normally acidic because of phosphate.
 Viscosity
 Solid DNA: white fiber; RNA: white powder. Insoluble in
organic solvents, can be precipitate by ethanol.
 Optical absorption
 UV absorption due to aromatic groups.
 Thermal stability
 Disassociation of dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) into two
ssDNAs (single-stranded DNA).
 UV Absorption
• Specific absorption at 260 nm
• This can be used to identify nucleic
acid.

The UV absorption spectra of the common ribonucleotides

 Denaturation

• Concept:
• The course of hydrogen bonds
broken, 3-D structure was destroyed, the
double helix changed into single strand
irregular coil.
• Results:
(1) the value of 260nm absorption is
increased;
(2) biological functions are lost.
 • Heat denaturation and Tm

• When DNA were heated to

certain temperature, the
absorption value at 260 nm would
increased sharply ， which
indicates that the double strand
helix DNA was separated into
single strand.

•Tm (melting temperature of DNA):

• The temperature of UV absorption increase to an half of maximum
value in DNA denaturation.
• Factors affect Tm:
G-C content:
•There are three hydrogen bonds between G-C pair. The more G-C
content, the higher Tm value.

Less G+C
Tm of
Higher G+C two DNA
molecules with
different G+C
content

Temperature
 Renaturation of DNA
• When slowly cooling down (Annealing)
the denatured DNA solution, the single
strand DNA can reform a double strands
helix to recover its biological functions.
 Molecule hybridization
• During the course of lowing
down denaturing temperature,
between different resource
DNAs or single stand DNA and
RNA with complementary
bases will repair into a
double strands to form a
hybrid DNA or DNA-RNA .
This course is called molecule
hybridization.
 Points
 The components of DNA and RNA
 Nucleotide: base (A,G,C,T,U), pentose sugar (Ribose and deoxyribose),
phosphate group
 Structure and function of DNA
 Primary structure: 3’,5’ phosphodiester bond
 Secondary structure: DNA double helix
 Tertiary structure: supercoil
 Eukaryotic chromosomes: nucleosome
 Structures and functions of RNA
 mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
 Properties of nucleic acid
 UV absorption, denaturation and renaturation, molecule hybridization
 DNA Double helix = DNA dalam keadaan native nya.
DNA dapat mengalami denaturasi dengan pengaruh:
1. BASA
2. TEMPERATUR
3. ASAM
PENGARUH BASA
 Kenaikan pH di atas pH fisiologis DNA akan mempengaruhi struktur
DNA
Mengubah keadaan tautomernya
Pd pH netral berbentuk keto, pada pH tinggi berbentuk enolat, krn DNA
kehilangan protonnya (deprotonasi)
Perubahan ini mempengaruhi ikatan Hidrogen DNA
Pada pasangan basa-basa nitrogen
Struktur DNA dobel strand pecah ----- DNA terdenaturasi
PENGARUH ASAM

 Pada asam kuat dan suhu tinggi (pH<2) misal HClO4 dan suhu 100
0
C, DNA akan terhidrolisis menjadi komponen2nya.
 Dalam asam encer (misal pH 3-4), DNA terhidrolisis selektif, hanya
ikatan tertentu yang terhidrolisis, misal ikatan glikosida antara basa
nitrogen dengan gulanya, menjadi asam apurinat.
 RNA lebih tahan terhadap hidrolisis asam
 Tapi jika direaksikan dengan asam dlm jangka waktu lama akan
trjadi hidrolisis
 Misalnya dengan 1 M HCl selama 1 jam
 Jika DNA dan RNA direaksikan dengan 1 M HCl selama 10 menit,
RNA tdk mengalami hidrolisis, tetapi DNA mengalami depurinasi.
 RNA mengalami hidrolisis pada keadaan pH basa, DNA tidak
 Karena RNA punya 2’-OH, dan DNA tidak (deoksi)
DEAMINASI DNA
PENYAKIT PADA METABOLISME ASAM
NUKLEAT
45 Orotic aciduria

 Because the products of pyrimidine catabolism are soluble,

few disorders result from excess levels of their synthesis or
catabolism.

 Two inherited disorders affecting pyrimidine biosynthesis are

the result of deficiencies in the bifunctional enzyme catalyzing
the last two steps of UMP synthesis, orotate phosphoribosyl
transferase and OMP decarboxylase.

 These deficiencies result in orotic aciduria that causes

retarded growth, and severe anemia.
 LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME
 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is compulsive self-destructive behavior, caused
by a deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
(HGPRT) of salvage pathway, The disease is inherited as a sex-linked
recessive disorder.
 In the absence of HGPRT, PRPP levels rise and purines are
overproduced by the de novo pathway, resulting in high levels of uric
acid production and gout-like damage to tissue.
 The brain is especially dependent on the salvage pathways, and this may
account for the central nervous system damage in children with Lesch-
Nyhan syndrome.
 Purine Metabolism Disorders
 Genetic aberrations in human purine metabolism have been
found, some with serious consequences.

 Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

 The deficiency of adenosine deaminase leads to SCID
in which T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes do not
develop properly.

 Lack of ADA leads to a 100-fold increase in the

cellular concentration of dATP, a strong inhibitor of
ribonucleotide reductase involved in deoxynucleotide
biosynthesis. The net effect is to inhibit DNA synthesis.
 Continue…

 Gout
 Is a disease of the joints caused by an elevated
concentrations of uric acid in the blood and tissues.
 Most forms of gout are the result of excess purine
production and consequent catabolism or to a partial
deficiency in the salvage enzyme, HGPRT.
 Allopurinol is a structural analog of hypoxanthine that
strongly inhibit xanthine oxidase.
 Gout is a Disease Caused by an Excess of Uric Acid

 Xanthine oxidase (XO) in liver, intestines (and milk) can oxidize

hypoxanthine (twice) to uric acid.
 Humans and other primates excrete uric acid in the urine, but most N
goes out as urea.
 Birds, reptiles and insects excrete uric acid and for them it is the
major nitrogen excretory compound.
 Gout occurs from accumulation of uric acid crystals in the
extremities.
 Allopurinol, which inhibits XO, is a treatment.