Krebs Cycle

Also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid

cycle
➢ The TCA cycle is the final common pathway
for the oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and
protein because glucose, fatty acids, and
most amino acids are metabolized to
acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle.
➢ This oxidation provides energy for the
production of the majority of ATP in most
animals, including humans.
➢ The cycle occurs totally in the mitochondria
and is, therefore, in close proximity to the
reactions of electron transport.
Krebs Cycle
➢ Two pyruvates will be converted into
Acetyl CoA (Coenzyme A) before
entering the Krebs Cycle.

Stages of Krebs Cycle

1. Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with

Oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate
Enzyme used - Citrate synthase

2. Citrate/Citric acid is isomerised and

becomes Isocitrate
Enzyme used - Aconitase
Krebs Cycle
3. Isocitrate is oxidized into α-ketoglutarate (5C)
Enzyme used - Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Byproducts: NADH, CO2

4. α-ketoglutarate (5C) is converted to Succinyl CoA

(4C)
Enzyme used - alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Byproducts: NADH, CO2

5. Succinyl CoA (4C) is converted into Succinate

Enzyme used - Succinyl CoA Synthase
Byproduct: GTP >>> ATP
Krebs Cycle
6. Succinate is converted into Fumrate
Enzyme used - Succinate dehydrogenase
Byproduct: FADH2

7. Fumrate is converted into Malate with the help

of H2O
Enzyme used - Fumrase

8. Malate is oxidized into Oxaloacetate (4C)

Enzyme used - Malate dehydrogenase
Byproduct: NADH
Electron Transport Chain

➢ ETC is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating

electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP.

➢ Located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

➢ It occurs in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

➢ NADH is one of the key component of Electron Transport Chain.

➢ ETC is the last component of aerobic respiration.

➢ ETC yields around 30-32 ATP molecules.