Dr. N.G.P.

Institute of Technology - Coimbatore-48

(An Autonomous Institution)

Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits

Course Code:BM3402
Unit - I Introduction to Linear Integrated Circuit

Ragavi B,
Assistant Professor
Department of Biomedical
Engineering
 Course Objective
• To study the circuit configuration and introduce practical applications of linear
integrated circuits.
• To introduce the concept of application of ADC and DAC in real time systems
and Phase Locked Loop with applications.
• To introduce the design of various combinational digital circuits using logic gates
• To bring out the analysis and design procedures for synchronous and
asynchronous sequential circuits

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 Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND ITS APPLICATIONS 9

Operational amplifier –Ideal characteristics, Performance Parameters, Linear and Nonlinear Circuits and their analysis-

voltage follower, Inverting amplifier, Non-inverting Amplifiers, Differentiator, Integrator, Voltage to Current converter,

Instrumentation amplifier, Low pass, High pass filter and band pass filters, Comparator, Multivibrator and Schmitt

trigger, Triangular wave generator.

UNIT II DIGITAL TO ANALOG AND ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS AND PLL 9

Analog switches, High speed sample and hold circuit and IC‘s, Types of D/A converter –Weighted resistor, R-2R ladder

DAC, D/A Accuracy and Resolution. A/D converter - Flash, Dual slope, Successive approximation, A/D Accuracy and

Resolution. Voltage controlled oscillator, Voltage to Frequency converters. PLL-Closed loop analysis of PLL, Frequency

multiplication/ division, FSK demodulator.

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 Contd..
UNIT III THE BASIC GATES AND COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 9

Number Systems – Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, 1‘s and 2‘s complements, Codes – Binary, BCD, 84-2-1,
2421, Excess 3, Biquinary, Gray, Alphanumeric codes, Boolean theorems, Logic gates, Universal gates, Sum of
products and product of sums, Minterms and Maxterms, Karnaugh map and Tabulation methods. Logic families-
TTL, MOS, CMOS, BiCMOS - Comparison of Logic families.

UNIT IV COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 9

Problem formulation and design of combinational circuits - Code-Converters, Half and Full Adders, Binary Parallel
Adder – Carry look ahead Adder, BCD Adder, Magnitude Comparator, Decoder, Encoder, Priority Encoder,
Mux/Demux.

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 Contd..
UNIT V SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 9

Flip flops – SR, JK, T, D, Master/Slave FF, Triggering of FF, Analysis and design of clocked sequential circuits – state
minimization, state assignment, circuit implementation. Counters, Ripple Counters, Ring Counters. Types of Registers,
Serial In - Serial Out, Serial In - Parallel out, Parallel In -Serial Out, Parallel In - Parallel Out, Universal Shift Register.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Sergio Franco, “Design with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits”, Mc Graw Hill Education, 3rd
Edition, 2017

2. John.F.Wakerly, “Digital design principles and practices”, Pearson Education, 5th Edition, 2018

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 Contd..
REFERENCES

1. Taub and Schilling, “Digital Integrated Electronics”, Mc Graw Hill, 2017.

2. Charles H.Roth, Jr, “Fundamentals of Logic Design”, Jaico Books, 7th Edition, 2013.

3. M. Morris Mano and Michael D.Ciletti, “Digital Design”, Pearson, 5th Edition, 2013.

4. S Salivahanan and V S Kanchana Bhaaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill Education, 3rd Edition,
2018

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 Course outcome

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

• CO1: Design new analog linear circuits and develop linear IC based Systems.
• CO2: Apply the concept of ADC and DAC in real time systems and Phase Locked Loop with applications.
• CO3: Use Boolean algebra and apply it to digital systems.
• CO4: Design various combinational digital circuits using logic gates.
• CO5: Bring out the analysis and design procedures for synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits.

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01/04/2023 Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits 8
 Evocation

Amplifier

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 Interesting Electronics

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 Linear Integrated Circuit
• What is an Integrated Circuit?
• Where do you use an Integrated Circuit?

• Why do you prefer an Integrated Circuit to the circuits made by

interconnecting discrete components?

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 Linear Integrated Circuit
• The Integrated Circuit or IC is a microelectronic
circuit, a semiconductor wafer coated miniature
device.
• The IC consisting of active and passive components
that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal
chip of silicon.
• A linear integrated circuit (linear IC) is an analog
device that operates over a continuous range of input
levels.
• A digital IC has a finite number of discrete input and
output states.
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 Contd..
• It has a wide variety of day-to-day applications.
• For instance, Integrated Circuits are a major component in microphones, power
supply (AC to DC conversion).
• The most commonly used and popular Linear IC is the Operational amplifier.

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 Contd..

Applications of an Integrated Circuit

• Communication

• Control System

• Instrumentation

• Computer

• Electronics

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 Seven advantages of IC’s over discrete
components
• Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
• Cost reduction due to batch processing.
• Increased system reliability due to elimination of soldered joints.
• Improved functional performance
• Matched devices
• Increased operating speed
• Reduction in power consumption

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 Chip complexity
Year Invention
1947
1959 Transisto
r IC
Year Tech. No. of devices Product
1947 Transistor - -
1955-1959 Discrete - Diodes
component
1960-1965 SSI 10-100 Logic gates, FF
1965-1970 MSI 100-1000 Counter, MUX,
1970-1980 1000-20,000 DEC 8-MP, RAM,
LSI
1980-1990 20,000-10,00,000 ROM DSP, RISC,
VLSI
16, 32-MP
1990-2000 ULSI 10^(6)-10^(7) 64-MP

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 Classifications of ICs

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 Classifications of ICs Based on Signal Types

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 Cntd..

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 Classifications of Ics based on Packaging
• Dual -in -Line Package
• Dual –in-Line Plastic Package

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 Classifications of ICs based on
Temperature
• Commercial
• Industrial
• Extended
• Military
• Automotive

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 Types of IC

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 Advantages
• Small size
• Low cost
• Less weight
• Low supply voltages
• Low power consumption
• Highly reliable (Due to no soldering)
• Matched devices
• Fast speed
• Improved functional performances
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 Amplifier
Amplifier:
• An electronic amplifier is a device that is used to increase the power, current, or
voltage of a signal. 
• Transistor act as a amplifier
• Common Emitter Configuration

Objectives of designing an amplifier:

• Attains maximum power efficiency.
• For example: Power amplifier is to amplify the weak signal from the sound source or
the pre-amplifier to promote the sound of the speaker.

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 Operational Amplifier
• An Operational amplifier is a direct coupled high-gain amplifier usually consisting of
one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a level translator and
output stage.
• The operational amplifier is a versatile device that can be used to amplify dc as well
as ac input signals and was originally designed for computing such mathematical
functions as addition, subtraction, multiplication and integration.

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 Operational Amplifier
• Analog Electronics Circuit
• Number of transistor Inside it.
• It performs mathematical operations in analog form.
• High open loop gain and differential inputs.
• IC 741 or µc741
• Dual Line in package
• Used for wave convertor

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 OP-Amp Stages

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 OP Amp Symbol

Positive power
supply (Positive
rail)
7
3
Non-inverting
Input
terminal 6
Output terminal

2
Inverting input
terminal 4
Negative power
supply (Negative
rail)

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 The Op-Amp Chip

741 Op Amp or LM351 Op

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 Block diagram for Operational Amplifier

1- Double ended Differential amplifier

2-Single ended Differential amplifier
3-Level Shifter
4-Impdence Matching Circuit
5-Output Driver
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 Pin Diagram

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 Contd..
• Offset Null: The op amp offset null circuitry adds a balance capability to the
input circuitry (Pin 1&5).
• Inverting and non inverting Input: When the voltage is applied through the pin2
then the output comes from the output pin 6.
• If the polarity is positive at the input pin2, then the polarity which comes from the
output pin6 is negative.
• Power Supply: Pin7 is the positive voltage supply terminal.
• Pin4 is the negative voltage supply terminal.

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 Puzzle

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 Answer

51

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 Formative Assessment 1
Q1
The 741 Op Amp IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, comprising of a general
purpose Operational Amplifier. The number 741 indicates that this operational
amplifier IC has:

A. 7 functional pins
B. 7 functional pins, 1 NC
C. 6 functional pins

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 Q2
Fill in the blanks

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 Q3
Which of the following configuration is suitable for designing a amplifier?

A. Common Base
B. Common Emitter
C. Common Collector

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 Ideal Characteristics of Operational Amplifier
• An ideal op amp draws no current at both the input terminals
• The input impedance is infinite, input current is zero.
• Output terminal acts as a output of ideal voltage source, small signal output
impedance is zero

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 Contd..
• G represents the differential gain of the op amp.
• Two Input Terminal V1&V2
• V1=0, output Vo=180° out of phase with input
signal V2.
• V2=0, output Vo will be in phase with input signal
V1.
• The ideal opamp produces an output in response
only to the difference between the input signal V1
and V2.
• It maintains ideal zero output signal for V1 and V2.

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 Contd..
• When V1≠V2 common mode input signal in response to which the ideal op amp
produce a zero output signal. It is called as common mode rejection.
• Basically ideal amplifier identifies the difference between two input signal that are
applied at the inverting and non inverting input terminals.
• It amplifies the difference and produce an output signal.
• The output voltage is the voltage at the output terminal measured with respect the
ground.

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 Performance parameters
Infinite value parameters:
• Open loop gain
• Bandwidth
• Input resistance
• Common-mode rejection
• power supply rejection
Zero value:
• Input-bias currents
• input offset current
• input-offset voltage and output resistance.

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 Puzzle
What are the next three letters in the following sequence?
J, F, M, A, M, J, J, A, __, __, __

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 Answer

• S, O, N. The sequence is first letter of the months of the year.

September, October, and November are the next in the sequence

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 Characteristic of Op amp

• Infinite Input Resistance, Ri=∞

• Zero Output Resistance, R0=o
• Infinite Voltage Gain, G= ∞
• Infinite Bandwidth, BW= ∞
• Infinite Common Mode rejection ratio, CMRR= ∞
• Infinite slew Rate,SR= ∞
• Zero offset when V1=V2,Vo=0

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 Conclusion
• Operational amplifier should be a part of voltage control source
device.
• Pin diagram provides a detailed description about pin configuration.
• Ideal Characteristic provides how the amplifier should be in working
condition .

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 Mind Map

32

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 READING & DISCUSSION

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