Dr. N.G.P.

Institute of Technology - Coimbatore-48

(An Autonomous Institution)

Analog and Digital Integrated Circuits

Unit - I Linear and Nonlinear Circuits and Their Analysis

Ragavi B,
Assistant Professor
Department of Biomedical Engineering
 Linear circuit
• Linear circuit is an electric circuit in which circuit parameters are constant.
Ex:Resistance, inductance, capacitance, waveform, frequency
• In other words, a circuit whose parameters are not changed with respect to Current
and Voltage is called Linear Circuit.
• In linear circuit analysis linear characteristics are plotted in between Current and
Voltage whereas the current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to
the applied Voltage.
• In a linear circuit, the output response of the circuit is directly proportional to the
input.

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 Linear circuit and its Characteristic Curve

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 Linear Circuits and Linear Elements

• Resistance and Resistive Circuits

• Inductor and Inductive Circuits
• Capacitor and Capacitive Circuits

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 Significance of a Linear Circuit
• Process the analog signals without intermodulation distortion.
• It will be investigated a strong mathematical frequency domain techniques such
as:
• Fourier analysis
• Laplace transform because it obey the superposition principle.
• It provides visual representation of the circuit’s qualitative behavior, with
terminologies like gain, resonant frequency, phase shift, bandwidth, Q factor,
poles, and zeros.

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 Contd..
• Linear circuits are useful because they can amplify and process electronic signals
without introducing any distortion.
• A sound system is an example of electronic equipment that uses linear circuits.

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 Identify the Diagram

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 Non Linear Circuit

• A nonlinear circuit is an electric circuit whose parameters are varied with respect
to Current and Voltage.
Ex: Resistance, inductance, capacitance, waveform, frequency
• In other words, an electric circuit in which circuit parameters is not constant, is
called Non Linear Circuit.

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Non linear circuit and its Characteristic Curve

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 Formative Assessment 1
Q1
• Identify the linear and non linear curve

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 Q2
Linear circuit obeys

a. Thevinin Theorem
b. Superposition Theorem
c. Norton Theorem

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 Q3
A circuit whose parameters are not changed with respect to Current
and Voltage is called

a. Linear Circuit
b. Non Linear Circuit
c. Amplifier circuit

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 Q4
• If we increase __________, then the current flowing through the
circuit will also increase.
A. Applied Voltage
B. Impedance
C. Resistance
D. Input current

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 Voltage Follower
• In an op-amp circuit whose output voltage is equal to the input voltage because it
follows the input voltage.
• Hence a voltage follower op-amp does not amplify the input signal and has a
voltage gain of 1.
• It is also known as a buffer amplifier, unity-gain amplifier, or isolation amplifier.
• The voltage follower provides no attenuation or amplification.
• It provides only buffering.

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 Contd..
• A voltage follower circuit has a very high input impedance.
• This characteristic makes it a popular choice in many different types of circuits
that require isolation between the input and output signal.

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 Contd..
• An important law that underpins a voltage follower is Ohm’s law.
• It states that a circuit’s current is equal to its voltage divided by its resistance.
• Voltage followers have a very high input impedance because it has a high
resistance.

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 Contd..
• Before discuss a circuits with high impedance it will be helpful to first understand
what goes on in a circuit with a low impedance.
• A low input impedance with resistance result R is being small.
• With a fixed voltage (V)
• A large amount of current will be drawn by a low-impedance (resistance) load.
• The circuit takes a large amount of power from the power source resulting in high
source disturbances.

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 Contd..

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 Contd..
• Consider the circuit as a voltage follower circuit.
• The output is connected to its inverting input.
• This connection forces the op-amp to adjust its output voltage to equal the input
voltage.
• The output voltage hence follows the input voltage.
• As mentioned, a voltage follower is a type of op-amp with a very high impedance.
• More specifically, the input side of the op-amp has a very high impedance (1 MΩ to
10 TΩ) while the output does not.
• Now Ohm’s law still needs to hold true.

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 Contd..
• Keep the voltage the same on the input and output side and significantly drop the
resistance what is going to happen to the current.
• A voltage follower keeps the voltage same and current is not same in the circuit.
• A voltage follower has unity voltage gain and it has a very high current gain.
• Input side: very high impedance and very low current.
• output side: very low impedance, and very high current.

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 Contd..
• Voltage stays the same, but the current goes up because impedance went down
between the input and the output side.
• The input impedance of the op-amp is very high (1 MΩ to 10 TΩ).
• With such a high input impedance, the op-amp does not load down the source and
draws only minimal current from it.
• Because the output impedance of the op-amp is very low, it drives the load as if it
were a perfect voltage source.
• Both the connections to and from the buffer are therefore bridging connections.
• This results in reduced power consumption in the source, and less distortion from
overloading and other causes of electromagnetic interference.

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 Advantages of Voltage Followers
• Provides power gain and current gain.
• Low output impedance to the circuit, which uses the output of the voltage
follower.
• The Op-amp takes zero current from the input.
• Loading effects can be avoided.

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 Applications of Voltage Followers
• Buffers for logic circuits.
• In Sample and hold circuits.
• In Active filters.
• In Bridge circuits via a transducer.

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 Tongue Twister
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

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 Formative Assessment 1
Q1
A voltage follower circuit has a very____________

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 Answer: High input impedance

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 Q2
A voltage follower 

A. has a voltage gain of 1

B. is noninverting
C has no feedback resistor
D has all of these

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 Q3

The supply voltage to an opamp is +-15volts. The opamp is connected as an inverting

amplifier of gain -20. The output voltage for an input voltage of 20mV is:

A -400 mV
B+ 400 mV
C-200 mV
D+200 mV

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 Answer

Voltage gain and output voltage are related by the formula

 Av​= input voltage /output voltage​.
Substituting the value of input voltage, we get, output voltage = - 20 x 20mV = -400
mV.

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 READING & DISCUSSION

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 MIND MAP

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 SUMMARY

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 READING & DISCUSSION

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 MIND MAP

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