EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

BS PSYCHOLOGY 6TH SEMESTER

TOPIC OF PRESNTATION:1:LEARNING
2:SIMPLE LEARNING AND CONDITIONING.
PRESENTED TO:MAAM NATASHA
PRESENTED BY:HIFSA NAUSHEEN
ROLL NO:381
 LEARNING

 DEFINATION:
 Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of
experiences.
 Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors,
skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. 
 FIRST THINKER TO STUDY LEARNING:
 One of the first thinkers to study how learning influences behavior was psychologist 
John B. Watson who suggested that all behaviors are a result of the learning process. 
 BEHAVIOURISTIC SCHOOL OF THOUGHT:
 More focused on external factors such as observation,imitiation.modeling and resist role
on internal factors in leaning.
 The school of thought that emerged from Watson's work was known as behaviorism. The
behavioral school of thought proposed studying internal thoughts, memories, and other
mental processes that were too subjective.
TYPES OF LEARNING
 3 TYPES:
 The three major types of learning described by
behavioral psychology are classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning.
 1:CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
 Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov,
classical conditioning is a type of unconscious
or automatic learning.
 This learning process creates a conditioned
response through associations between an
unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
CONTINEU……
 FOR EXAMPLE:
 In Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was
paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made
between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
 OPARENT CONDITIONING:
 First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner.
 Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is
increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment.
 Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment
would result in decreases.
 TYPES OF OPARENT CONDITIONING:4 TYPES:
 In Operant Conditioning Theory, there are essentially four quadrants: Positive Reinforcement,
Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.
OPARENT CONDIOTIONING EXAMPLE:
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

 What is reinforcement learning?

 Reinforcement learning is a machine learning training method
 based on rewarding desired behaviors and/or punishing undesired
ones.
 In reinforcement learning, developers devise a method of rewarding
desired behaviors and punishing negative behaviors.
 For example, a girl studies hard, pays attention in class, and does
her homework. As a result, she gets excellent grades. Social
reinforcers involve expressing approval of a behavior, such as a
teacher, parent, or employer saying or writing, "Good job" or
"Excellent work.
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

 n operant conditioning, positive reinforcement involves the addition of a

reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the
behavior will occur again in future.
 There are many examples of positive reinforcement in action. Consider the
following examples:
 Praise: After you execute a turn during a skiing lesson, your instructor shouts out,
"Great job!"
 Monetary rewards: At work, you exceed this month's sales quota, so your boss
gives you a bonus.
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING:

 The concept of observational learning was developed by Albert Bandura (1977, 1986 &
2000).
 Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating
other.
 Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through
conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others.
 Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others.
 The targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked.
 Also known as shaping and modeling, observational learning is most common in children as
they imitate behaviors of adults.
 For example:
 A child learns to chew. After witnessing an older sibling being punished for taking a cookie
without asking, the younger child does not take cookies without permission.
PROCESS OF OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING
 PROCESS OF LEARNING

 The process of learning is concerned about experience acquisition, retention of

experiences, and experience development in a step by step manner, synthesis
of both old and new experiences for creating a new pattern. 

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT