DO NOT JUST DREAM, MAKE IT HAPPEN

LESSON 2
Jack Canfield
• An epitome of success

• Authored 7 books listed in Guinness Book of World Records

• Featured quote about success “By taking the time to stop and
appreciate who you are and what you have achieved – and perhaps
learned through a few mistakes, stumbles and losses – you actually
can enhance everything about you. Self-acknowledgement and
appreciation are what give you the insights and awareness to move
forward toward higher goals and accomplishment.” Brown (2016)
 Albert E. Bandura

 Born in Mundare, Alberta on December

4, 1925 and he is the youngest among
the six children

 In 1951 he earned his mastered degree

at University of Iowa and PhD at Clinical
Psychology in 1952

 Author of the article “Self-Efficacy:

Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral
Change” which becomes instant classic
in psychology (Kendra, 2017)

 Named as most influential psychologist

of all time
o Bobo Doll Experiment – a 1950’s study who used sample children that were presented with new social models of violent
and nonviolent behavior.
 Proved to be an effective way of learning.
o Social learning theory – focuses on what people learn from observing and interacting with other people
o Social cognitive theory –people are active participants in their environment and that are not simply shaped by that
environment.
o Self-efficacy theory
 “Self-efficacy theory is based on the assumption that psychological procedures serve as a means of creating and
strengthening expectations of personal efficacy.”
 Distinguishes between expectations of efficacy and response-outcome expectancies.
 Comes into play when an actual or perceived threat to one’s personal safety, or one’s ability to deal with potentially
aversive events.
 Dr. Bandura defined self-efficacy as “people beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels
of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives”
Acts of people with “high assurance in their capabilities” by Dr. Bandura:
 Approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered;Set challenging goals and maintain strong commitment to
them;
 Heighten or sustain efforts in the face of failures or setbacks;
 Attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable; and
 Approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them.
 Acts of people “who doubt their capabilities”:
 Shy away from tasks they view as personal threats;
 Have low aspirations and weak commitment to goals they choose to pursue;
 Dwell on personal deficiencies, obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes, rather than
concentrating on how to perform successfully;
 Slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties;
 Slow to recover their sense of efficacy following the failure;
 Fall easily victim to stress and depression
 Four main sources of influence by which a person’s self-efficacy is developed and maintained
 Performance accomplishments orb mastery experiences;
 Vicarious experiences;
 Verbal or social persuasion; and
 Physiological (somatic and emotional) states
 Verbal or social persuasion – affects one’s perception of self-efficacy
 “Way of strengthening people’s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed.”
 Provide a temporary boost in perceived ability
 People rely on their somatic or emotional states when judging their capabilities.
 Most human motivation is cognitively generated

 Dr. Bandura’s quotes about self-efficacy (Kendra 2017);

 “Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action
required to manage prospective situation.” Social Foundation of Thoughts and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory,
1986
 “If efficacy beliefs always reflected only what people can do routinely, they would rarely fail but they would not
set aspirations beyond their immediate reach nor mount the extra effort needed to surpass their ordinary
performances.” Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 1994
 “Self-belief does not necessarily ensure success, but self-disbelief assures spawns failure.” Self- efficacy: The
Exercise of control, 1997
 “By sticking it out through tough times, people emerge from adversity with a stronger sense of
efficacy.” Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 1944
 “People’s beliefs about their abilities have a profound effect on those abilities. Ability is not a
fixed property; there is a huge variability in how you perform. People who have a sense of self- efficacy bounce
back from failure; they approach things in terms of how to handle them rather than worrying about what can go
wrong.” Self-efficacy: The Exercise of control, 1996
 Carol S. Dweck

 She was born on October 17, 1946

 Earned PhD from Yale University in 1972

 Author of Mindset: The New Psychology of Success published in

2006

 One of the leading researchers in the field of motivation where

her research focused on why people succeed and how to
foster success.

 She has received 11 awards in different awarding category

o Fixed and Growth Mindset

 Fixed mindset – people who believe that success is based on their innate abilities have a fixed theory of intelligence.
 Individuals who dread failure: negative statement to their basic abilities.
 Believe that their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents are just fixed traits.
 Can be affected by subtle environmental cues

 Growth mindset – people who believe that success is based on hard work, learning, training, and perseverance have
growth theory of intelligence.
 Do not mind or fear failure: new learning and will make the performance to be improve
 Allows a person to live a less stressful and more successful life
 Understand that talents and abilities can be developed through effort, good teaching and persistence
 More likely to continue working hard despite setbacks
 Edwin A. Locke
 Born on January 5, 1938

 Received his BA from Harvard in 1960 and his

PhD in Industrial Psychology from Cornell
University in 1964.

 Internationally known for his research on goal

setting

 Author/editor of 12 books about motivation and

goal-setting

 Received 5 beautiful awards

o Goal-setting Theory
 Its approach is based on what Aristotle called final causality; that is, the action
caused by a purpose.

 Accepts axiomatic status of consciousness and volition

 Assumes introspective reports that formulates psychological concepts and measure

psychological phenomena

 Goals have both internal (ideas: desire ends) and an external (object or condition
sought: job, sale,
certain performance level) aspect.

Goal attributes
THANK YOU

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