ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my physics teacher, Mr_________________for guiding

me through out this project work. I should also thank him as he helped me
to line up the project and and helped me with practical work.
I would also wish to thank my group members who helped me tons to
finish this project within the time frame.
Finally, I would wish to thank everyone involved during this project work .

GROUP MEMBERS;
INDEX
1.Terms related to experiment.
2.Aim of the experiment
3.Apparatus required
4.Theory
5.Diagram
6.Procedure
7.Observations
8.Calculations
9.Result/ Conclusion
10.Precautions
11.Sources of errors
Experiment
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To measure resistance ,voltage (AC/DC),current (AC) and
check continuity of a given circuit using multimeter .

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Three carbon resistors ,one standard resistance coil, a

battery eliminator with tapping (2v,4v and 6v), a step down transformer with two
tappings ( 2v and 6v), a resistor of 100 ohm , a plug key and multimeter.

THEORY:
Multimeter. It is a single measuring device acting as ammeter , a Voltmeter and an
Ohmmeter. For this reason , it is also called AVO meter.
It can measure the alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well as
direct voltage in addition to resistance . For this purpose its panel is divided into five
different sections . There are many ranges in each section so that it can measure
from micro (10^-6 ) to mega (10^6) units. Rotation of a knob changes the section
and the range in one section.
- Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range , brings shunt resistances of different
values in circuit in parallel with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range , brings series resistances of
different values in circuit in series with the coil.
- Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range , brings different resistances in
circuit in series with the multimeter cell.
1.Carbon resistors are frequently used in electrical and electronic circuits and their
values vary over a wide range . A colour code is used to indicate the values of the
resistance.

2.A carbon resistance has 4 different concentric coloured rings or bands on its surface .
The first three bands determine the values of resistance and the fourth band gives
the percentage of accuracy called tolerance. The resistance of carbon resistor. R=(ab
* 10^c +_ T %)
3. To read the value of carbon resistance , the following sentence is found to be of
much more helpful .
B B R O Y Great Britain Very Good Wife
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The bold face letter B,B,R,O,Y,Great,Britain,Very,Good,Wife in above correspond to
the colours BLACK,BROWN,RED,ORANGE,YELLOW,GREEN,BLUE,VIOLET,GREY and
WHITE respectively.
4. The following table provides the colour code for the carbon resistors.
 PROCEDURE:
1.Mark the given carbon resistors as R1,R2,R3.
2.Note the colour of first, second, third and fourth ring for each resistor.
3.Plug in the probes of the multimeter in appropriate terminals. Select the appropriate
range, short the other ends of the probes and adjust zero. Turn the terminal marked
“ADJUST” such that the needle of the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero
ohm.
4.Separate the metallic ends of the probes. Insert the resistor R1 to be measured in
between the metallic ends of the two probes and read the deflection of the pointer on
the range selected.
5.Repeat the step 4 for other resistors R2 and R3 each time selecting the appropriate
range and testing the zero.
6.Now convert using the colour code table, the values of resistors in ohms and write their
values with tolerance.

using multimeter to
measure resistance
CHECKING CONTINUITY OF A GIVEN CIRCUIT
• Set the selector switch to ohm, range M ohm.
• Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection
indicates continuity.
• Similarly check in succession the continuity between terminals B and C
and terminals C and D.
NOTE- Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with
the terminals of the battery.

continuity of a given circuit

OBSERVATION
TABLE:
SL. COLOUR TOLERENCE VALUE OF VALUE FROM DIFFERENCE
NO CODE (R)Ω MULTIMETERΩ
COLOUR- COLOUR-2 MULTIPLIE
1 R
COLOUR
1 BLUE BROWN BLACK GOLD 61 X 100 5% 65.6 4.6

2 BROWN GREEN BROWN GOLD 15 X 101 5% 120 30

3 YELLOW VIOLET YELLOW GOLD 47 X 1045% 47.5X104 500

4 RED VIOLET YELLOW GOLD 27 X 104 5% 265000 5000

5 ORANGE ORANGE YELLOW GOLD 33 X 1045% 329000 1000

6 RED RED RED GOLD 22 X 1025% 2160 40

7 GREEN BLUE BROWN SILVER 56 X 1015% 555 5

8 BROWN BLACK YELLOW SILVER 10 X104 95000 5000

9 VIOLET GREEN BROWN GOLD 75 X101 5% 740 10

10 ORANGE WHITE ORANGE GOLD 39 X103 5% 38200 800

SL.NO COLOUR TOLERENCE VALUE OF VALUE FROM DIFFERENCE
CODE (R)Ω MULTIMETERΩ

COLOUR-1 COLOUR-2 MULTIPLIER

COLOUR
1 BROWN GREY RED GOLD 18 X 102 5% 1760 40

2 BROWN BLACK RED GOLD 10 X 102 5% 972 128

3 BROWN BLACK BROWN GOLD 10 X 101 5% 90 10

4 GREY RED BROWN GOLD 82X 101 5% 822 2

5 GREEN BLUE ORANGE GOLD 51X 103 5% 55000 4000

6 BROWN BLACK ORANGE SILVER 10 X 103 10% 10100 100

7 BLUE GREY BLACK GOLD 68 X 100 5% 68 0

8 BROWN BLACK YELLOW GOLD 10 X 104 5% 1.29X 105 29000

9 RED BROWN YELLOW GOLD 21 X 104 5% 266000 56000

10 BROWN BLACK BLACK GOLD 11 X 101 5% 140 30

11 ORANGE WHITE BLACK GOLD 39 X 100 5% 39.9 0.9

12 RED YELLOW ORANGE GOLD 24 X 103 5% 23500 500

INFERENCE
• The measured values by multimeter match with decoded values of
resistors.
• A.C. and D.C. voltages marked on voltage sources match with voltage
measured by multimeter.

PRECAUTION
1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be done through
thoroughly as it is a very handy instrument and is likely to get
damaged if carelessly or ignorantly used.
2. Select the appropriate parameter current, voltage or resistance to the
measured and set it on appropriate range.
3. If range of the parameter measured is not known, start with maximum.
For measuring V, never connect more than maximum 600v.