IDS (INTERNATIONAL

DIMENSION In
SCHOOL)
CIRCULAR ACTIVITY 2
 SPREADING FRAGNANCE OF
EMPATHY ACROSS THE COUNTRIES

NAME: SWASTIK MAJI

CLASS: XI
SECTION: SCIENCE A
SCHOOL: ASIAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
SESSION: 2021-22
HISTORY OF PERFUMES in the following countries:
 EGYPT

In the world history, the Egyptians were

famous for producing perfumes throughout the
ancient world. For ancient Egyptians,
fragrance and smell were very important
for all areas of life. They loved using perfumes
and started producing them long before they
even discovered how to make alcohol. They
used to make perfumes from many
different plants, flowers and wood fragments
along with the addition of required fats and
oils. Ancient Egyptians often used moringa,
linseed, sesame and castor oils in
their perfumes. Some extracts of almond and
olive oil were also used to increase the quality
and pungency of the perfumes.
 FraNCE
France’s own fragrant history began as the Renaissance court brought
Italian tastes to the country in the 16th century. During the Middle Ages,
glove-making and leather tanning had become big business in France, but
the stench created by the tanning process left the end result somewhat
fragrant, and not in a good way. Catherine de’ Medici’s arrival in France
from her native Italy after her marriage to Henri II in 1533 could arguably
be seen as the beginning of French perfumery. Gifted with scented gloves,
Catherine started a fashion that grew with the reign of Louis XV in the 18th
century. Louis’ cour parfumée demanded new and innovative fragrances for
both home and person, continuing the fashion started in the Renaissance for
using scents to mask the odour of habitually unwashed bodies. Soon the
flower-growing industry of Grasse and the surrounding area which had
begun in the 14th century blossomed to supply the demand. There has been
a museum dedicated to perfumery in Grasse since 1921. The Musée
International de la Parfumerie opened in 1989 and has now grown to over
twice the size, with objects and collections tracing the history of the
industry that has so shaped the area through thousands of years. Both
museum and gardens are fascinating and well worth a visit. Napoleon was
reputed to be a big user of fragrance, with two quarts of violet cologne
delivered to him every week, while Empress Joséphine used such a strong
scent that her apartments were said to still smell of it decades after her
death.
 ITALY

Venice was a flourishing and prosperous centre for the trade

and commerce of precious spices and unguents from the
Orient. Unknown spices, fragrant oils and resins were brought
back by navigators and explorers returning from voyages to
distant lands. These new ingredients and mysterious
fragrances were the raw materials necessary to give impetus
to the development of the first Italian perfumes. Given the
availability of these new and exotic oils and spices, the early
knowledge of techniques in blending them and the means of
preserving these essences within the beauty of fine Murano
glass, Venice became a natural location for the early creation
of perfumes. During this initial period, Venice captured the
attention of surrounding countries with its highly prized
Murano glass. As early as 1354, a regulation was passed in
Vienna to reserve a special area in the marketplace for
Murano glass.
 SCOTLAND

Scotland has some of the most complex geology in the world and this scent is inspired by metamorphic rock that
is spectacularly woven into the landscape. There is also a reference to our Founder’s love of Islay Malt whisky
with a smouldering aspect that is softened with the heart of dark rose. Complex, rich, with an intense
metamorphosis on the skin.Fragance in Scotland are made up of op — Black Pepper & Tobacco, Heart
— Incense, Minerals, Islay Malt & Dark Rose Absolute ,Base — Amber Resin & Leather
Scotland embraces a unique approach to perfumery. Inspired by its founder’s previous experience in the whisky
world, each fragrance is released as an exclusive bottling, carefully blended and patiently matured prior to its
unveiling. Inspired by everything from Scotland’s rugged geography to its lusciously ripe fruits; the pines of the
Caledonian Forest to exotic flora imported by intrepid 19th century Scottish plant hunters; each fragrance has an
interesting story to tell.
IMPORTANCE OF PERFUME IN HUMAN LIFE SINCE
ANCIENT TIMES:
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid
form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. The 1939
Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, Leopold Ružička stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific
chemistry up to the present time perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of organic
chemistry as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory. Ancient texts and archaeological
excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in
the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin, which
allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics.
Human beings are using perfume to heal, make people feel good, and improve relationships between the sexes
are the new frontiers being explored by the industry. The sense of smell is considered a right brain activity,
which rules emotions, memory, and creativity. Aromatherapy—smelling oils and fragrances to cure physical
and emotional problems is being revived to help balance hormonal and body energy. The theory behind
aromatherapy states that using essential oils helps bolster the immune system when inhaled or applied
topically. Smelling sweet smells also affects one's mood and can be used as a form of psychotherapy.  During
the Renaissance period, perfumes were used primarily by royalty and the wealthy to mask body odors
resulting from the sanitary practices of the day. 
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PERFUMES MADE IN
THE LABOTARY OF FOLLOWING COUNTRIES:
France Scotland India

• Manufacture is done in 4 • Here perfumes are made by • The technical science of

process collection,
extraction, blending and
ageing. Animal products are
obtained by extracting the
fatty substances directly
from the animal. Aromatic
chemicals used in synthetic
perfumes are created in the
laboratory by perfume
chemists.
extracting scented oil from
natural ingredients. These
ingredients can include
various plants, fruits, woods
and even animal secretion.
Other resources like coal,
alcohol, tars and petro-
chemicals are also used in
the manufacture.
Indian cosmetics and
perfumery developed by
ancient and medieval authors
where flowers are used in
the laboratory which are
mixed with water and heated
in copper pots. The aromatic
steam is then transferred via
a bamboo pipe and the
perfume is processed.
 STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES OF CHEMICALS USED IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES TO MANUFACTURE PERFUMES
India
Perfume and perfumery also existed in Indus civilization, which existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. One of
the earliest distillation of Ittar was mentioned in the Hindu Ayurvedic text Charaka Samhita and Sushruta
Samhita. The perfume references are part of a larger text called Brihat-Samhita written by Varāhamihira, an
Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer living in the city of Ujjain.  The perfume portion mainly deals
with the manufacture of perfumes to benefit ‘royal personages and inmates of harems’. The text is written as
Sanskrit slokas with commentary by a 10th-century Indian commentator Utpala. According to a 1975 report,
archeologist Dr Paolo Rovesti found a terracotta distillation apparatus in the Indus valley together with oil
containers made of the same material, carbon dated to 3000 BCE. The report also states that terracotta vessels
with plugged orifices of woven materials were used so that when fragrant plant materials were covered with
boiling water the vapours impregnated the material, which was subsequently wrung out to isolate the oil.
FRANCE
The perfume industry in Grasse involves some sixty different companies, and employs almost
3,500 people; and even though Grasse has had to move with the times and now produces
synthetic as well as natural fragrances, it is the natural fragrances for which it remains justly
famous. The great art of perfumery is extracting the fragrances of flowers and concentrating them
in forms from which they can be transformed into the perfumes that are eventually sold in little
bottles at very high prices. The historic methods of extracting fragrances from flowers are either
by maceration (soaking the flowers in a liquid that will absorb their fragrances) or by distillation.
The resulting concentrates are known as "essential oils", and it is from these that perfumes are
blended and made. In recent years, particularly at the cheaper end of the scale, the natural
fragrances extracted from flowers and other plants have been largely replaced by chemically
produced scents, which can be mass-produced anywhere in the world. But in the production of
top-of-the-range high quality perfumes, made from natural extracts of plants, nothing can replace
the acquired skills of France's master perfume producers. There is something in the secrets and
techniques that are passed down from generation to generation under the Mediterranean sun in
the area of Grasse, that just cannot be replicated of copied. In spite of the lucrative nature of the
French perfume industry, other countries have so far found it impossible to challenge France's
reputation as purveyor of fine perfumes to the world
STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL COMBINATION INVOLVED IN
MANUFACTURING OF PERFUMES
Example of the main constituents found in essential oils

 Alcohol
 Aldehyde
 Ester
linalool eugenol
 Ether
 Phenol
 Ketone
 Terpene

thymol
 Basic chemical structures

Essential oils molecules are made up primarily of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
The aromatic constituents of essential oils are made from Hydrocarbon chains. They
are normally joined together in ring like chemical structures. The chains are held
together. Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other carbon atoms attach at
various points of the chains to make up the different oils. Essential oils are made of
many chemical constituents. No two oils are alike in their structures or their effect.
The Aromatic - ring structure of
essential oils is much more complex
than the simpler, linear carbon-
hydrogen structure of fatty oils.
Essential oils also contain sulphur and
nitrogen atoms that fatty oils do not
have.The basic building block of many
essential oils is a 5-carbon molecule
called an Isoprene. Most Essentials
oils are built from Isoprene. This the
isoprene
building block that makes up the
terpenoids.
When two Isoprene units
link, they create a
monoterpene; when three
join, they create a
sesquiterpene; and so forth.
Triterpenoids are some of
the largest molecules found
in the essential oils. They polyterpene
consists of 30 carbon
atoms-or six Isoprene.
Units linked together.
 Volatile oils, essential oils, ethereal oils, terpenoids

VOLATILE OILS: Oily liquids, which are entirely or almost

entirely volatile without decomposition
ESSENTIAL OILS: Plant products, giving the odors and
tastes characteristic of the particular plant, thus processing the
essence.

TERPENOIDS: Ether like in their volatility

Difference between Essential oils and Fragrance oils

FRAGRANCE OILS: ESSENTAIAL OILS:

These are manufactured fragrances that are
either fully synthetic or a combination of
synthetic and natural oils that imitate scents.
Although these scents do exist, we have no way
to extract their essences from their sources.
Therefore we can make them
These are fragrant oils found naturally in flowers,
herbs, spices and leaves. The oil is extracted
directly from the plant source, thus capturing the
essence and any possible healing benefits.
Essential oils are highly concentrated and some
must be diluted in carrier oil.
 Aroma compounds

An Aroma compound also known as odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavour, is a chemical compound that has a
smell or odour.
A chemical compound has a smell odour when two conditions are met:

• The compound needs to be volatile, so it can be transported to the olfactory system in the upper of the nose.
• It needs to be in a sufficiently high concentration to be able to interact with one or more of the olfactory
receptors.

Aroma compounds are found throughout the plant kingdom.

A large number of chemical compounds are characterisrised by particular fruit and flower fragrances.
Thank you