AVT & CWT

BASIC CONCEPT
(BJS Office Jepara)
 INTRODUCTION
1. CWT APPLIED EFFECT OF AVT & CWT MODE

Water treatment method for once-through type boiler plant

9.4-9.6 8.0-9.3 7.0 – 8.0

30 -150 50 - 250
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL

THEORY OF AVT

PAGE 029
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
THEORY OF AVT

Chemical Injection
　 - pH Control Ammonia
　

pH 9.4 ～ 9.6
( target 9.5 )
Dissolved Oxygen < 7 ppb

Formation of Protection Film

(Magnetite : Fe3O4)
THEORY OF AVT

CHEMICAL REACTION

3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O(l) Fe3O4 (s)

Magnetite

Passivated surface showing grey

magnetite layer as Fe3O4
THEORY OF AVT

SH RH G
HPT IPT LPT LPT

Deaeration
Make up
W W
S S

D
T CP
DEA
WW
LP4
BCP HP8
CPS
LP3
HP7
ECO
M LP1/2 GSC
HP6 T T

Ammonia
Monitor Specific Conductivity for
Ammonia Injection Control
 THEORY OF AVT
100 How to control pH ・・・
- pH in feed water is
Specific Conductivity (µS/cm)

controlled by ammonia.
10
- There is a relationship
between pH and specific
conductivity.
1

Therefore, ammonia injection

can be controlled by specific
0.1
conductivity.
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8

pH (25℃)
THEORY OF AVT

Graph Conductivity vs PH

pH Spesific Conductivity NH3

ms/cm ppm
9.4 ± 6.4 ±1
9.6 ± 9.0 ±2

Source : EPRI
8
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
THEORY OF AVT
0.16

0.14
Why pH must be
adjusted ?
0.12

Corrosion rate is decreased

Corrosion rate

0.10

0.08 40℃ when pH goes beyond 9 in

low temperature condition.
0.06
22℃
0.04

0.02

0.00
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
pH (25℃)
Relationship between pH and Corrosion Rate at Ambient Temperature
THEORY OF AVT
Corrosion control
Why pH must be adjusted ?

Solubility of Magnetite

INCREASES at temperatures up to 150 oC

(Upstream of HP 1HTR)

DECREASES at temperatures above

150 oC (Downstream of HP1HTR)

However, pH above 9.4 gives low

solubility at any temperature
THEORY OF AVT

How to Decrease Dissolved Oxygen(DO) content ・・・

① Appropriate operation of Deaerator

Such as proper steam injection, proper venting.
Deaerator outlet DO shall be monitored carefully.

② Vacuum condition of Condenser

DO concentration in the condensate water depends on
the vacuum of the condenser.
THEORY OF AVT

Oxygen Control
De-aerator

The solubility of a
gas in a liquid
decreases with
increasing liquid
temperature
THEORY OF AVT
How to Decrease Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content ?
760
0
100 µg/kg
200 µg/kg
Vacuum (mmHg)

740 300 µg/kg

400 µg/kg
500 µg/kg
720

700

680
10 20 30 40

Temperature (℃)
Relation between Temperature and Vacuum against Dissolved Oxygen
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL

THEORY OF CWT
THEORY OF CWT

Chemical Injection
　 Ammonia pH Control
　 Oxygen Increase Potential

pH : 8.0 ～ 9.3
Dissolved Oxygen : 30 ～ 150 ppb
Cation Conductivity : <0.2 mS/cm

Hematite(Fe2O3) film will be formed

THEORY OF CWT

CHEMICAL REACTION

2Fe3O4(s) + ½ O2(g)  3 Fe2O3 (s)

Hematite

Passivated surface showing orange

iron oxide layer as Fe2O3
THEORY OF CWT

SH RH G
HPT IPT LPT LPT
All of oxygen in
condensate water must Make up
W W be eliminated
S S

D
T Oxygen
DEA CP
WW
LP4
BCP HP3
GSC
LP3
HP2
ECO
M LP1/2 CPS
HP1 T T

Ammonia
Oxygen
Monitor Specific Conductivity for
NH3 Injection Control
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
THEORY OF CWT
Chemical injection for CWT
COND.
Close
Open
vent vent
valve
valve CP
Deae.

Boiler HP LP CPP
HTR HTR
BFP CBP
NH3

O2 flow control O2 flow control

O2 unit for feed unit for
water condensate water
 THEORY OF CWT
100 How to control pH ・・・
- pH in feed water is
Specific Conductivity (µS/cm)

controlled by ammonia.
10
- There is a relationship
between pH and specific
conductivity.
1

Therefore, ammonia injection

can be controlled by specific
0.1
conductivity.
8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8

pH (25℃)
THEORY OF CWT

Graph Conductivity vs PH

pH Spesific Conductivity NH3

ms/cm ppm
8.0 ± 0.30 ± 0.02
9.3 ± 5.0 ± 0.60

20
Source : EPRI
2. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
THEORY OF CWT

How to control Dissolved Oxygen(DO) content ・・・

① O2 gas will be injected at CPP outlet

O2 gas for condensate water will be controlled in proportion to
condensate water flow.
② All dissolved oxygen in condensate water must be eliminated
in Deaerator.
DO concentration control in Deaerator is difficult due to
pressure fluctuation
③ O2 gas will be injected at Deaerator outlet
O2 gas for feed water will be controlled in proportion to feed water flow.
COMPARISON OF AVT & CWT
COMPARISON OF AVT & CWT

Hematite
Magnetite

Oxide formed on iron based feed water surface during

operation.
 COMPARISON OF AVT & CWT
1. CWT APPLIED EFFECT

Comparison of Scale Deposition rate

 COMPARISON OF AVT & CWT
1. CWT APPLIED EFFECT

Comparison of Scale Deposition Model

COMPARISON OF AVT & CWT
AVT CWT CWT
（ 29,131hr ） （ 7,413hr ） （ 13,896hr ）

•Grain refining of scale crystallite

•Prevention of rippled scale formation

pressure drop pressure drop

HIGH LOW
CHANGEOVER AVT TO CWT
Changeover concept between AVT and CWT :
1. Changeover for normal shut-down
Changed from CWT to AVT three (3)hours prior to the generator
shut-down prevent Pitting Corrosion due to High Dissolved Oxygen.

2. Changeover for normal start-up

Cycle chemistry can be changed from AVT to CWT If Cation
conductivity at 25 deg C : ≤ 0.02 mS/m or less

3. Changeover for start-up after chemical cleaning (or initial start-up)

Cycle chemistry can be changed from AVT to CWT.
 Operating duration : 500 hours of AVT operation to form
magnetite layer.
 Unit load : Minimum load or more
 Cation conductivity at 25 deg C : ≤ 0.02 mS/m or less

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TERIMAKASIH

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