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Maryam Abiha
Maryam Abiha
Maryam Abiha
C I R C U L AT I O N S
A N D D I S P E R S I O N O F A I R P O L L U T I O N A S S O C I AT E D W I T H
EXTREME
SMOG EVENTS OVER SOUTH ASIAN MEGACITY
INTRODUCTION
• The fog and smog events were analyzed for years 2016 to 2017 in Lahore compared with
November 2022 trajectory ; the second-largest city of Pakistan lies in the northeastern
Punjab . Lahore is Punjab’s provincial capital and one of the most polluted cities of Pakistan.
• Lahore is facing major episodes of smog for the past many years and declared as the world’s
second most polluted city, after New Delhi by the air quality information platform of
Switzerland.
• There are 15,000 industrial units in Lahore with four million vehicles traveling on daily basis
in the city as of 2016 study.
• The climate of Lahore is semiarid with five major seasons that include spring, summer, rainy
monsoon, dry autumn, and foggy winter.At the start of the winter months, thick and
widespread fog events frequently occur in Lahore
• The presence of low-level inversion, smoke released from massive industrial
units, and transportation act as condensation nuclei and triggered the smog
phenomenon. As a result, human activity is disrupted through road accidents,
health fatalities, and delays or cancelation of flights that lead to loss of
economy
FOG AND SMOG
• FOG
• Fog is caused by water droplets in the air.
• It reduces visibility but breathing in fog cause no harm
• Color of fog is white
• smog
• And smog is smoke +fog . Smog, or smoke fog, is a type of intense air pollution.
• Breathing in smog can cause eye irritation asthma and decrease lungs breathing capacity
• Color of smog is usually blackish but may change depending on other pollutant in the
atmosphere
OVERVIEW OF HYSPLIT
• Conclusion
• The smoke emitted from road transport, industry, and particularly from stubble crop
burring over northeastern Pakistan and the Indian state of Haryana and Punjab is
confined near the ground due to temperature inversion and the prevailing weather
pattern in the winter season. we characterized the local and regional meteorological
conditions that favored the fog and smog formation for two winter episodes, i.e.,
EV-2016 and EV-2017 using ERA5 reanalysis data at different vertical pressure
levels over Lahore and surrounding regions. NOAA’S HYSPLIT backward air.
trajectories were computed using GDAS meteorological data over Lahore during
two winter fog episodes.comparing this result from November forward trajectory.