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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
and
Genetic Engineering
role of anaerobic respiration in
yeast during production of ethanol for
biofuels
• Micro-organisms that bring about fermentation are using the
chemical reaction to produce energy, which they need for their
living processes.
Disadvantage
• not yet economical
– the energy used to grow, fertilise and harvest sugar-cane,
plus the cost of extracting the sugar and converting it to
ethanol, uses more energy than the ethanol releases when
burned.
– environmental costs
Role of anaerobic respiration in
yeast during bread-making
• Yeast is the micro-organism used in bread-
making but the only fermentation product
needed is carbon dioxide.
• The carbon dioxide makes bubbles in the
bread dough.
• These bubbles make the bread ‘light’ in
texture.
Pectinases
• Pectinases are used to separate the juices from
fruit such as apples.
• The enzymes can be extracted from fungi such as
Aspergillus niger.
• They work by breaking down pectin, the jelly-like
substance that sticks plant cell walls to each other.
• The enzymes can also be used to clarify fruit juice and
wine (make it more transparent).
• During the breakdown process a number of different
polysaccharides are released, which make the juice
cloudy, but pectinases break these down to make the
juice clearer.
• The sugars produced also make the juice sweeter.
Biological Washing Powder
• Many stains on clothes are organic molecules – oil from
skin, protein from blood, fat and protein from food
• Biological washing powder contain enzymes similar to
the digestive enzymes produced in the alimentary canal
that help to break down large food molecules.
Lactose-Free Milk
Penicillin Production
• Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered in
1928 by Alexander Fleming
• He noticed that some bacteria he had left in a Petri
dish had been killed by the naturally
occurring Penicillium mould
• The penicillium mould produces a chemical to
prevent it being infected by certain types of
bacteria
• The chemical was isolated and named penicillin
• Since the discovery of penicillin, methods have
been developed to produce it on a large scale,
using an industrial fermenter
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Recombinant DNA
• The ability to combine the DNA of one
organism with the DNA of another
organism.