Cellular respiration

• ATP - adenosine triphosphate - Adenosine triphosphate is an organic

compound that provides energy to drive many processes in living
cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation,
condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis.
• The food you eat is mechanically and chemically digested starting
from the mouth until it reaches the small intestine. During
digestion ,complex foods are broken into their simplest
forms,carbohydrates into simple sugar (glucose) ; proteins into amino
acids ; and lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol (building blocks of
lipids). These digested foods are then absorbed by the cells from the
walls of the small intestine . They are then circulated by the blood to
different parts of the body , and thus become part of every single cell
of the body. But the cell cannot simply use the stored energy from
glucose , amino acid ,or fatty acids. The stored energy must first
converted into ATP by a series of chemical reactions via CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.
 Aerobic Respiration
• Uses oxygen to produce ATPs.
• Anaerobic respiration does not involve oxygen.
• Oxygen is consumed but a large number of ATPs are generated along
with water and carbon dioxide as by-product.
• By-product an incidental or secondary product made in the
manufacture or synthesis of something else
• Involves three stages : glycolysis , Krebs Cycle and electron transport
Glycolysis : Harvesting energy by breaking
down glucose to pyruvate
• Process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into two
pyruvic acid molecules to generate two net ATPs in the process .
• Enzymes - proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical
reactions in our bodies
Krebs Cycle : breaking down acetyl-CoA
completely into carbon dioxide and water
• Acetyl coa - the breakdown of both carbohydrates (by glycolysis) and
lipids (by β-oxidation)
• Acetyl coa combines with a four carbon compound to form a six carbon
compound.
• Carbon dioxide is released from the six carbon compound , resulting in
a five carbon compound
• Another molecule of carbon dioxide is released from the five carbon
compound to form a four carbon compound
• The four carbon compound is converted into a new four carbon
compound .
• The new four carbon compound is converted into a four carbon
compound similar to that of the four carbon compound at the start of
the cycle . The four carbon compound re enters the cycle .
Electron Transport Chain : Harvesting More
• The last step in cellular respiration ,called the electron transport chain
,takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria . The first two
steps in cellular respiration ,glycolysis and Krebs cycle,generate only
small amount of energy and produce NAHD and FADH molecules.
• Oxidative phosphorylation refers to a series of oxidation processes
where electrons carried by NADH and FADH are transferred to
electron acceptors. As electrons transferred ,ATPs are released, along
with water as by product . A total of three ATPs are produce for every
molecule of NADH, two ATPs for every three FADH that enter the
electron transport chain , respectedly. In sum , a total of 36 ATPs are
generated for every molecules of glucose
Anaerobic Respiration : Providing Energy
Without Oxygen
• Fermentation, a type of anaerobic respiration , breaks down pyruvic
acid without using oxygen.
• a water-soluble, organic liquid that is produced by breaking down
carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)
• Yields fewer ATPs than aerobic respiration .
• Alcoholic fermentation ethanol and carbon dioxide are produce
from pyruvic acid
• Lactic acid fermentation when lactic acid is produce from pyruvic
acid
• Muscle fatigue accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle cells .
Lesson learned : nakakapagod gumawa ng
report