AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DIMPLE

EFFECT ON HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND

TURBINE

GUIDED BY: PRESENTED BY:

MR.BIJU PRANAV SHANLI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR S7 ME B
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT ROLL NO: 96
VAST

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 SCHEME OF PRESENTATION

 INTRODUCTION
 RELEVANCE OF TOPIC
 WIND TURBINE BLADE DESIGN
 CONCEPT OF DIMPLES
 PROBLEM DEFINITION
 GOVERNING EQUATIONS & BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
 ANALYIZING EFFECT OF DIMPLEES BASED ON LIFT
COEFFICIENT
 RESULT & DISCUSSIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION
• The world demand for renewable energy is growing fast because of the rapid climate change and limited
amount of fossil fuels. Wind turbine is one of the fastest growing technologies globally at an average annual
growth rate of more than 26% since 1990.

• Two major types of wind turbines exist based on their blade configuration and operation.
1.Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT).
2.Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT).

• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

1. This kind of wind turbine is the most common and can often be seen scattered across the landscape in
areas of relatively level terrain with predictable year-round wind conditions.
2. These wind turbines have been the main subject of wind turbine research for decades, mainly because
they share common operation and dynamics with rotary aircraft.
3. A combination of the lift and drag causes the rotor to spin. This turns the generator and produce
electricity.

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• According to the analysis the maximum possible amount of energy extraction from a wind-by-wind
turbine is 59.3% of the incoming kinetic energy (Betz, 1930).

• Nevertheless, most wind turbines can’t achieve this efficiency.

• The common challenge for the wind turbine designer is to maximize the energy capture within the given
restrictions.

• The predominant factors influencing the efficiency of the wind turbines are lift and drag that are to be
maximized and minimized respectively.

• Contemporary research findings reveal that dimples on the surface of aircraft’s airfoils enhance the
aerodynamic efficiency and maneuverability of the aircraft by mitigating stall.

• This study numerically investigates the configurations of suitable dimples for HAWT blades, examine the
aerodynamic characteristics of the designed blade without dimples, aerodynamic effect of dimples on
surface of wind turbine blade and compare the torque and power generation of the baseline turbines
with the dimpled one.

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 RELEVANCE OF TOPIC
• Demand for energy is increasing with each period, to fulfill the required demand we must have to
concentrate on utilizing nonconventional sources of energy.

• Wind energy is one of the fast-growing power industry and promising renewable energy source in
the world. Wind turbine technology is a system that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the aerodynamic effect of dimples over the
surface of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT).

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 WIND TURBINE BLADE DESIGN
• Mulugeta (2009) studied computer-aided aerodynamic and structural design of horizontal axis wind
turbine blades. In his paper detailed review of the designing horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT)
blades to achieve satisfactory levels of performance is given.HAWT blade design was studied from the
aspect of aerodynamic view. BEM method is selected for the blade design.

• Peter & Richard (2012) presented the detailed review of the current state-of art for wind turbine blade
design, including theoretical maximum efficiency, propulsion, practical efficiency, HAWT blade design, and
blade loads. The review was provided a complete picture of wind turbine blade design and shows the
dominance of modern turbines almost exclusive use of horizontal axis rotors. The aerodynamic design
principles for a modern wind turbine blade are detailed including the blade plan shape/quantity, airfoil
selection and optimal attack angles, described aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, gyroscopic and
operational conditions

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 CONCEPT OF DIMPLES
• The Concept of dimples arrive from golf balls. Golf balls have inner dent in form of dimples on
their outer surfaces. These dimples aid golf balls to lower drag.

• A moving object leaves behind a turbulent wake region where the air flow is fluctuating or agitated,
resulting in lower pressure behind it. The size of the wake affects the amount of drag on the object.

• Dimples on a golf ball create a thin turbulent boundary layer of air that clings to the ball's surface. This
allows the smoothly flowing air to follow the ball's surface a little farther around the back side of the ball,
thereby decreasing the size of the wake

• As dimples reduce drag of golf ball they can be useful on reducing wings drag.

• Dimples trip air particles that are moving close to them ,this disturbance causes the particles to jiggle
sideways while they travel forward, instead of staying in lanes of traffic that are perfectly parallel to each
other at all times, as expected in laminar flow.

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 BLADE DESIGN ANALYSIS
• The aerodynamic design of a wind turbine rotor includes the choice of the number of blades,
determination of blade length, type of airfoil section, blade chord and twist distributions and the
design tip-speed ratio (TSR). A rotor with one blade can be cheaper and easier to erect but it is not
popular and too noisy. The two-bladed rotor is also simpler to assemble and erect but produces less
power than that developed by the three-bladed one.

• The determination of the blade length (or rotor size) depends mainly on the needed energy for certain
application and average wind speed of a specific site. The choice of the kind of airfoil section may be
regarded as a key point in designing an efficient wind rotor (Burger & Richard 2006).

• For wind turbine blade design and analysis, it is essential to have the aerodynamic data of the selected
airfoil at the corresponding flow conditions.

Reynolds Number(Re): The Reynolds number is defined as:

Where:
Urel is the relative wind speed (m/s).
C is chord length (m).
U is kinematic viscosity of air (ѵ = 14 × 10-6 m2/s)
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• Tip Speed Ratio:- The tip speed ratio is defined as the relationship between rotor blade velocity and
relative wind velocity. It is the foremost design parameter around which all other optimum rotor
dimensions are calculated(Hansen & Butterfield 1993).

Where: λ = Tip speed ratio Ωr = Rotational velocity (rad/s), r = radius, Vw = Wind speed.

• Modern HAWT generally utilize a tip speed ratio of 9 - 10 for two bladed rotors and 6 - 9 for three
blades. This has been found to produce efficient conversion of the winds kinetic energy into electrical
power .

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 PROBLEM DEFINITION
• For numerical investigation of effect dimples on aerodynamics performances of HAWT tested on a V47-660
kW HAWT, three rows of spherical dimples with the radius of r located on the blade suction side surface at
20%, 40%, and 60% chordwise from the leading edge are considered.

• All dimples are located between the radius of R1 =4508.45 mm and R2 =14520.43 mm.

• The simulations are for six pitch angles of Pa = 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 degrees at different wind speeds (V) and
the rotational speed of 28.5 rpm.

• The influence of dimple radius r ¼ 15; 25; 50; 70 mm and dimple pitch distance Pd =150, 200, 300, 400 mm on
generated torque, fluid separation characteristic, and lift coefficient are also taken to consideration.

Fig. 1. (a) Two-dimensional view of a dimpled blade; (b) Sketch of dimpled airfoil (cross-section A-A).
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 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
• An incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver and the k - u Shear Stress Transport turbulent
model are implemented to solve the problem.

• The governing equations including continuity and momentum equations are as follows :

• where, ū and u’ refer to the mean and fluctuating terms of velocity, respectively. Also, p is the pressure, r
is the fluid density, xj are theCartesian coordinates, t is the time, and μ is the fluid dynamic viscosity.

• In this simulation, all three blades with hub and nose cone are modeled and they are put inside a rotating
cylindrical zone with a radius of 27 m and a depth of 6.5 m.

• A fixed cylindrical enclosure with a radius of 200 m and a depth of 400 m is set around the rotating zone
for considering the wind field.

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 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS(CONTD)
• The turbine works in an open space, the whole domain can be solved
in a single reference frame of rotating

• The stationary and rotating regions are connected by the General Grid
Interface

• Power output or power coefficient (Cp) of the wind turbine is a common quantity for analyzing wind
turbines.

• The thrust coefficient (CT ) shows indirectly how much the fluid streamlines diverge due to fluid deceleration
and it is more helpful for evaluating the axial static load induced by the wind

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 ANALYZE EFFECT OF DIMPLES BASED ON LIFT
COEFFICIENT
• A comparison between dimpled and non dimpled airfoil on various angles of attack on a two dimensional
model of S809 NREL airfoil.

• The Reynolds number is kept 10^6 and the turbulent model id s SST – ω.

• Dimples can increase stall phenomenon.

• Dimples could increase lift coefficient at high angle of attack.

• This analysis states that dimples on surface of airfoil can

improve aerodynamic performances for highes angle of attack.
.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• By comparing the streamlines in Fig 8. we can
see that surface dimples could delay or
remove the separation phenomenon and
move the separation point to the trailing edge

• The flow is tended to attach the solid surface

and the boundary layer thickness is thinned.
This increase the lift force torque of the wind
turbine.
Fig. 8. Streamlines on three different section-planes for
case V =14 m/s and Pa =5 deg: (a) local AOA = 30:81
deg, Rb = 6947 mm (b) local AOA = 27:02 deg,
Rb=7497 mm (c) local AOA = 23:89 deg, Rb =8947 mm.

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 RESULTS & DISCUSSION(CONTD.)

Fig 2. Effect of dimples in different pitch angles (Pa ¼ 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11 degrees) at various wind speed (V
=12 ,16 m/s) on wind turbine generating torque.

• From Fig 2. we can observe that maximum increased torque is observed at Pa = 9 deg and V =12m/s
which demonstrates that dimple would enhance the torque upto 16:08%.
• For the higher pitch angles (such as Pa ¼ 11 deg), dimples have a negative impact on the torques being
generated.

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 RESULTS & DISCUSSION(CONTD)
• Fig 3. shows the maximum averaged of increased thrust
that is around 6.88% that happens at Pa =9 deg.

• Dimples have not increased the thrust forces at Pa = 4,

5, 6 7, 9 and 11 degrees

Fig3. Effect of dimples in different pitch angles at various

wind speed on thrust coefficient

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 CONCLUSIONS
• The influence of implementing dimples over the suction side of the blade on the performance of V47-660
Kw horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is numerically investigated.

• The effect of radius, location, and quantity of dimples on the aerodynamic performance of the wind
turbine including torque and power generation, flow separation, and thrust load is studied

• The results show that dimples could be effective in increasing the torque and power generation if they are
designed appropriately.

• Obtained results show that in the best scenario, dimples could improve the generating torque by around
16.08%.

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 REFERENCES
1. Usha Rao K. & Kishore VVN. (2009). Wind Power Technology Diffusion Analysis in Selected States of India.
Renewable Energy; 34: 983–88

2. Betz A. (1935) .Applied Airfoil Theory: a general review of progress Volume IV, Division 1 st edition,
McGraw-Hill.

3. Frank M. White (2009). Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill

4. Deepenshu Srivastav (2012). Flow control over airfoils using different shaped dimples.
International Conference on Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics Technologies (FDTT) IPCSIT, Volume
33, IACSIT Press, Singapore.

5. Livya. E, Anitha. G, Valli. P, (2015). Aerodynamic analysis of dimple effect over aircraft wing,
International journal of mechanical aerospace industrial and mechatronics engineering, Volume 9.
Number 2, Pages 350-353.

6. Mulugeta Biadgo, (2009), "Computer-aided aerodynamic and structural design of horizontal- axis
wind turbine blades", M.Sc. Thesis Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa.

7. Haseeb S., Boorsma K., Kim C, and cho T., (2011). Analysis of detailed aerodynamics measure on a 4.5 m
diameter rotor placed in the large German Dutch wind tunnel DNW. In proceedings of EWEA,
Brussels, Belgium.
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 THANKYOU

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