Steel Structures

Lesson # 1
Introduction to Steel Structures & Design
 This Course will lead us to
Introduction to steel structures & design process
Analysis and Design of Tension Member
Analysis and Design of Compression Members
Analysis & Design of Truss System
Analysis & Design of Connections

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 Topic Covered in This Lecture
Introduction to Steel Structures
Steel as Structural Member & Types
Types of Steel Structures
Merit & Demerits of Steel Structure
Design Process
Design Approaches
Loads & Safety Factors

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 Introduction to Steel Structures
Assembled / joined structural steel shapes make a Steel
Structure.
Jointing may be welding, riveting or bolting

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 Steel as Structural Member & Types
Reinforcing Steel is used for RC Construction – as
material
Structural Steel is a standard sectional element, used as
member of a structure – as member

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 Structural Steel Types
Are referred as Carbon, Low Alloy & Alloy Steels.
Carbon Steel: Main alloying element is carbon
Low Carbon Steel: <0.15%
Mild Carbon Steel: 0.15 – 0.29%
Medium Carbon Steel: 0.30 – 0.59%
High Carbon Steel: 0.60 – 1.70%
High Strength Low Alloy: Strength from 40 to 70 ksi by
using some alloys. Greater resistance to corrosion.
Alloy Steel: If Low alloy steel is quenched or tempered
then strength is obtained from 80 to 110 ksi. This is alloy
steel
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 Structural Steel Types - Carbon Steel

Low Carbon Steel Mild Carbon Steel

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Medium Carbon Steel High Carbon Steel
 Structural Steel Types – High Strength
Low Alloy & Alloy Steel

High Strength Low Alloy Steel

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Alloy Steel (Quenched or tempered)
 Important Terms
• Quenching: Heating steel to below a critical temperature,
holding that temperature and then rapidly cooling it in a
desirable medium such as air water or oil to obtain desired
hardness property.
• Tempering: Tempering refers to heating steel above a
critical temperature, then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a
very hard state followed by rewarming it to an intermediate
temperature to give a hardness suitable for the job intended.
• Annealing: Heating (usually up to 1150o F) followed by
cooling of steel in solid state to relieve the residual stresses
and to enhance ductility.

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 Types of Steel Structures
Framework or Skeletal Structures: Main load carrying
elements are one dimensional or line elements,
forming two or three dimensional frames.
Industrial Buildings
Large Span Bridges
High Rise Steel Structures
Towers
Truss Systems

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 Framework or Skeletal Structures

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 Types of Steel Structures
Shell Structures: Besides line elements (Beam
Columns etc), main load carrying elements is a plate or
sheets.
Large Tanks
High Pressure Vessels
Large diameters pipes
All other plates and shells

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 Shell Structures

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 Types of Steel Structures
Suspension Structures: Structures, supported by cables
are suspension structures.
Large Span suspension bridges
Cable supported roof

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Suspension Structures

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 Types of Structural Steel Sections
Hot Rolled: Prepared through hot rolling process.
Standard Cross sections defined under area specific
code

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 Types of Structural Steel Sections
Cold Formed Shapes: Formed through bending of high
strength alloy sheets under normal temperature

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 Types of Structural Steel Sections
Built Up Sections: Prepared through joining of two or
more hot rolled sections

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 Merits of Steel Structures
Reliability
Industrial Behavior
Lesser Construction Time
High Strength & Light Weight
Uniformity, Durability & Performance
Elasticity
Ductility & Warning before failure
Addition to existing structures
Possible Reuse
Scrap Value
Impervious Structures
Long Span
Temporary Construction

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 Demerits of Steel Structures
High Maintenance Cost
Fireproofing
Susceptibility to buckling
Higher initial cost
Limited availability
Adherence to cross sections
Aesthetics

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 Design Process
Objectives:
It must be able to safely support the loads in terms of
deflections and vibrations etc.
It should be an Economical Solution
All the fabrication methods and member sized be
selected as locally available

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 Design Process
Structural Strength > Stresses due to applied forces
Planning Stage
Selection of Layout
Selection of Preliminary Structural Configuration
Selection of Loading Conditions
Selection of Trial Member Size
Analysis
Evaluation of Selected Size
Redesign
Designing of Assembly & Connections
Making Final Decision
Preparation of Final Documents

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 Design Approaches
Allowable Stress Design Method (ASD)
Principal Design philosophy since 100 years
Also termed as Working Stress Design
Considers the reduced material strength with service
loads
Ensures the performance of structures in Elastic Range
with overloads
Loads = Material Resistive Forces / FOS

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 Design Approaches
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Limit State Design approach gained acceptance in 1980
1986 AISC LRFD was developed, under leadership of T.V.
Galambos at Washington University
Service Loads are factored by Overload Factor
Material Strength is factored by Resistance Factor
The resulting method is Load & Resistance Factor Design

FOS x Loads = Material Resistive Forces /

FOS

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 Design Approaches
Plastic Design
Is somewhat similar to LRFD
Analysis is performed beyond the yield limit while
considering the full collapse mechanism
 Process of Completed structural degradation is damage
mechanism
 Post yield behavior includes ultimate stress strain and failure
trend

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 Types of Loads
Dead Loads
Self Loads
Live Loads
Lateral Loads
Wind Load
Earthquake Load
Snow Loads
Retained Water Load
Service Loads
Superimposed Loads
Factored Loads

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 Factor of Safety for ASD
For Beams & Short Columns : 1.67
Assume Rn is Nominal Structural Strength
ΔRn is reduction in Strength
Q is total designed load
ΔQ is increase in load
Rn – ΔRn = Q + ΔQ
Rn(1 – ΔRn/Rn) = Q(1 + ΔQ/Q)
FOS = Rn/Q = (1 + ΔQ/Q)/(1 – ΔRn/Rn)
Assuming Overload Factor = 40 %
Understrsngth Factor = 15%
FOS = (1+0.4)/(1 – 0.15)
FOS = 1.65
For Long Columns : 1.92
For Connections : 2.5 to 3.0

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 Factor of Safety for LRFD
Material Strength reduction Factors
Yield limit for tension members : 0.90
Fracture limit for tension members : 0.75
Flexure : 0.90
Compression : 0.85
Bolts & Joints : As per type
Loads
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
1.2D + 1.6S + (0.8W or 0.5L)
1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5S
1.2D + 1.5E + (0.5L or 0.2S)
0.9D – (1.3W or 1.5E)

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 Assignment
Visit the following buildings in NUST H-12 Campus, comprising of steel structure
(complete or partial) or some components. Classify the type of structure and possible
loading conditions during design phase. Support your arguments through proper
pictures and legend.

• Jamia Mosque
• Concordia 1
Group
• CIPS
1
• Examination Hall
• NIT
Group
• Concordia 2
2
• NUST Main building
• SMME & Workshop
Group
• SCME
3
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