STATES OF

MATTER
 THERE ARE FIVE STATES OF
MATTER –

1.SOLID
2.LIQUID
3.GAS
4.PLASMA
5.BOSE - EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
SOLID STATE
A rubber band changes its shape upon stretching.
Can it still be regarded as a solid?

Sponge is compressible but considered as a solid.

 A rubber band changes its shape upon stretching.
Can it still be regarded as a solid?

Sponge is compressible but considered as a solid.

It stretches because of the property of elasticity but it is

a solid because it regains its shape.

Sponge has pores which has air, therefore, it can be

compressed.
 Sugar and Salt take the shape of the
container in which it is kept. Can it still be
regarded as a solid?
Think about it
Liquid STATE
GAS STATE
DIFFUSION
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away but
to get the smell from cold food why do you have to go close?

Particles of matter are continuously moving. They possess the

kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles move faster. Thus,
particles that carry smell of hot sizzling food move faster than the
smell of the cold food. Therefore, the smell of hot sizzling food can
reach us several meters away, but to get smell from a cold food you
have to go close.
SCALES OF MEASURING
TEMPERATURE –
1.CELSIUS SCALE
2.FAHRENHEIT SCALE
3.KELVIN SCALE
CONVERSION OF CELCIUS TO
KELVIN

CONVERSION OF KELVIN TO
CELCIUS
FOR EXAMPLE
-
 INTERCONVERSION OF STATES
OF MATTER
The phenomenon of the change of matter from one state to another and back to original state is
known as interconversion of the states of matter. 
Matter can be changed from one state to another by changing temperature or pressure

Deposition
 Interconversion of the states of matter by changing Pressure

 By applying pressure we can bring the particles of matter closer and closer.
So by applying pressure gas can be converted into liquid and further applying
more pressure liquids can be converted into solid.
Interconversion of the states of matter by changing temperature
 Melting or Fusion
Melting is the process where solid changes into a liquid at a particular temperature.

Melting point
The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called its melting point.

Boiling
Boiling is the process where a liquid  changes into a vapor at a particular temperature.

Boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its
boiling point

Evaporation
The process where a liquid changes into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point is
evaporation .
 Freezing
The process, where a liquid converts into a solid, is called freezing or solidification.
On cooling a liquid the particles come closer due to the decreased kinetic energy. When the
particles come closer the inter particular spaces are reduced and the forces of attractions
 increased. Finally the particles are arranged themselves in a regular, compact manner. 

Condensation
The process where vapor changes to a liquid is called condensation.
Example: The water vapor condenses and we receive the same water in the form of rain.
When you pour cold water in a glass. You will observe the formation of  water droplets on
the outer surface of the glass . This is due to the condensation of water vapor present in
atmosphere.

Liquification process
A gas is liquefied by applying high pressure and reducing the temperature.
Example: petroleum gas is liquefied by applying high pressure and reducing the
temperature to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
 Sublimation
The process, where a solid, on heating, directly changes into
gas without changing into liquid, and a gas, on cooling, directly changes
to solid without changing into liquid is called sublimation.
Example: Solid ammonium chloride, on heating directly converts into
vapors without changing to the liquid state. These vapors get condensed to
the solid state by condensation process.
The sublimation of Naphthalene and camphor can take place without
heating them. They sublime at room temperature.

Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. It is primarily used to

cool food products at lower temperature than what
water ice can provide.
It is called dry ice because it sublimes and doesn't
leave any residue i.e. changes from solid to gaseous
state without turning to liquid.
SOLVE IT
YOURSELF
 LETS DISCUSS
:
Change in state of water
When heat energy is supplied to ice it changes into water and then
to vapor. If we cool the steam it gets converted into water and
further cooling of water changes into ice.
Here the heat energy is used up in changing the state of matter.
The heat is used to increase the kinetic energy of the particles of
ice to such an extent that they break away from the rigid solid
form, ice, and move around freely to form the liquid form, water.
So, until all the ice has melted, the heat absorbed does not raise
the temperature of the ice-water mixture. In the same way the
temperature does not change while a liquid is boiling. This heat,
which does not raise the temperature of the body, is called Latent
Heat.
HEAT LATENT
 Latent heat of vaporization :
Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg
of liquid into a gas at atmospheric pressure at the boiling point.

Latent heat of fusion :

Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a
solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
 Evaporation
The process where a liquid changes into vapor at any temperature below its
boiling point is evaporation .

Evaporation cause cooling

During the process of evaporation, the particles of liquid absorb energy from the surroundings, to regain
energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings makes the surroundings
cold.

Differences between boiling and evaporation

 Boiling    Evaporation      

It is a rapid process. It is a slow process

It is takes place at the entire mass of the liquid. It takes place at the surface of the liquid.
It takes place at specific temperature called the boiling
It takes place at any temperature.
point of the liquid.
The temperature of the liquid remains constant during It causes cooling i.e the substance becomes cool due
boiling process. to evaporation.
Factors affecting evaporation -
1. Surface area
2. Temperature
3. Humidity and
4. Wind speed.

Temperature Wind

Surface area humidity

 Rate of evaporation - Surface area
The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of surface area. When the surface area is more,
evaporation will be faster.
For example shallow quarries or bunds are built near the sea. The shallow bunds provide a
relatively large surface area for water to evaporate quickly, Water from these bunds evaporates,
leaving salt behind. Then the salt is collected and refined before use. 
 Rate of evaporation - Temperature
The rate of evaporation increases with an increase of temperature.
Cloths dry faster on a sunny day than on a cloudy day
 Rate of evaporation - Effect of Humidity
The rate of evaporation increases with decrease in humidity.
 Rate of evaporation - Effect of Wind
The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in wind speed.
The water vapor particles in atmosphere move away with the winds. This results in a decrease of
the amount of water vapor in the surroundings. Due to this reason, clothes dry faster on a windy
day than a normal day.
PLASMA STATE
BOSE - EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
(BEC)
Bose-Einstein Condensate 1920, an Indian Scientist, Satyendra Nath Bose did some
calculations for the fifth state of matter. On the basis of these calculations, Albert Einstein
predicted the existence of a new state of matter called Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).
In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Weiman of USA shared the Nobel
Prize In Physics for achieving "Bose-Einstein Condensate". The BEC is formed when a
gas having a very low density is cooled to super-low temerature.