CCNA

EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol

Ali Mohammad Masoomi

ICT Department
ATVI
Background & History:
– EIGRP is a derivative of IGRP
 EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol
released in 1994

EIGRP terms and characteristics:

– EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets
– EIGRP has 5 packet type:
 Hello packets
 Update packets
 Acknowledgement packets
 Query packets
 Reply packets

– Supports VLSM and discontiguous networks

 EIGRP Characteristics

 Max hop count 255 (Default 100)

 Support for IP, IPX, AppleTalk and IPv6

 Can use 6 equal/unequal links for load balancing

 Route Discovery:
 Neighbors table

 Topology table

 Route table
 EIGRP’s 5 types of packets

Hello packets
– Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors

Update packets
– Used to propagate routing information

Acknowledgement packets
– Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply
packets
 EIGRP’s 5 Types of Packets

Query & Reply packets

 Used by DUAL for searching for networks

 Query packets
• Can use
 Unicast
 Multicast

 Reply packet
• Use only
 unicast
 Adjacencies

• For two routers to become Adjacent or Neighbors:

• Hello or acknowledge received

• AS number matched

• K values matched (show interfaces)

 Characteristics of Hello Packets

 Time interval for sending hello packet

 In Most networks its every 5 seconds

 In some networks its every 60 seconds

 Hold time
 This is the maximum time router should wait before
declaring a neighbor down

 Default holdtime

 3 times hello interval

 EIGRP routing updates

 Aperiodic
 Partial and bounded
 Fast convergence

 EIGRP sends the subnet mask with the updates

(Classless Protocol)
 EIGRP Updates

 EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in route

status
 Partial update
 A partial update includes only the route information that
has changed – the whole routing table is NOT sent. But
when it make adjacencies for the first time , it sends the
entire routing table only once.
 Bounded update
 When a route changes, only those devices that are
impacted will be notified of the change
 EIGRP’s use of partial bounded updates minimizes the use of
bandwidth
 Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

 RTP is Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets

Characteristics of RTP:
 Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet

 Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from

destination
 Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement
from destination
 Packets can be sent

 Unicast

 Multicast (Using address 224.0.0.10)

 Autonomous System Number (AS)

• Those Routers that the Administrator wants them to

exchange routing updates and maintain the same
routing table must have the same AS number.
• It’s a number ranges from 1 to 65535
• Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
– This is a collection of networks under the control of
a single authority
– AS Numbers are assigned by IANA
 EIGRP commands

– The following commands are used for EIGRP configuration

 R(config)# router eigrp [autonomous-system number]

 R(config-router)# network network-number

 R(config-router)# network network-number wild-card-number

 R(config-router)# passive-interface serial 2/0

(Avoids routing updates on an interface)

 R(config-router)# no auto-summary
(Disables automatic network number summarization)

 R(config-router)# network 0.0.0.0

 EIGRP Verification Commands

• R# show ip route
• R# show ip protocols
• R# Show interfaces
• R# show ip route eigrp
• R# show ip eigrp interfaces
• R# show ip eigrp neighbors
• R# show ip eigrp topology
 EIGRP Metrics

• EIGRP metrics include

– Bandwidth (default)(k1)

– Delay (default)(k2)
– Reliability (k3)

– Load (k4)

 Use the show interfaces command to view metrics

 EIGRP Metrics

Bandwidth
 EIGRP uses a static bandwidth to calculate metric
 Most serial interfaces use a default bandwidth value of 1.544
Mbps (T1)

Delay
 Delay is defined as the measure of time it takes for a packet
to traverse a route
• It is a static value based on link type to which interface is
connected
 Fast Ethernet ------>>> 100 µsecond
 Serial Interface ---->>> 20000 µsecond
 Administrative Distance (AD)

 Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route

 EIGRP default administrative distances

– Internal routes = 90
– External routes = 170
 DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)

 DUAL is EIGRP’s primary method for preventing

routing loops

Advantage of using DUAL

 Provides fast convergence time by keeping a list of
loop-free backup routes
 DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)

– Successor

 Primary route to a destination

– Feasible successor

 Backup route to a destination

– Feasible distance

 Lowest calculated metric to a destination

– Reported distance

 The distance towards a destination as advertised by

an upstream neighbor
 Choosing the best route

 After router has received all updates from directly

connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL as:
1. Metric is calculated for each route
2. Route with lowest metric is designated successor
& is placed in routing table
3. Feasible successor is found and Feasible are
maintained in topology table
 Automatic summarization

 On by default
 Summarizes routes on class-full boundary

 Summarization can be disabled using the following

command
R(config-router)# no auto-summary
 k s
a n
T h

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