E.A.P.P.

Week 4 Day 1
Having a good argument on an issue is
not enough to justify a stand. There may
be other factors that affect or could
weaken your stand especially if you have
prepared your argument hastily. One of
these factors is the unconscious use and
inclusion of fallacy in your statement.
Fallacies
are mistaken beliefs based on
unsound arguments. They derive
from reasoning that is logically
incorrect, thus undermining an
argument's validity.
Fallacies
are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the
logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either
illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points and are often
identified because they lack evidence that supports their
claim.
Avoid these common fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them
in the arguments of others.

Slippery Slope
Hasty Generalization
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Genetic Fallacy
Begging the Claim
Circular Argument
Either/or
Ad hominem
Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal
Red Herring
Straw Man
Moral Equivalence
. Slippery Slope:
This is a conclusion based on the premise
that if A happens, then eventually through a
series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z
will happen, too, basically equating A and Z.
So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be
allowed to occur either.
Example:
If we ban Mobile Legends game because they it
has bad effects for the students eventually the
government will ban all online gaming apps, so we
should not ban Mobile Legends.
In this example, the author is equating banning ML
with banning all online games, which is not the
same thing.
Hasty Generalization:

This is a conclusion based on insufficient or biased

evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a
conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.
Example:
Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is
going to be a boring subject.
Post hoc ergo propter hoc:

This is a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B'

then 'B' must have caused 'A.'
Example:
I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must
have made me sick.
In this example, the author assumes that if one event
chronologically follows another the first event must have
caused the second.
Genetic Fallacy:
This conclusion is based on an argument that the
origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory
determine its character, nature, or worth.
Example:
The disposable face mask is not a good product
because it was originally created by Chinese people.
In this example the author is equating the
quality or worth of disposable face mask
with the character of the people who made
it. However, the two are not inherently
related.
Begging the Claim:
The conclusion that the writer should prove
is validated within the claim.
Example:
Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.
Circular Argument:
This restates the argument rather than actually
proving it.

Example: The late senator Miriam Santiago is a

good communicator because she speaks
effectively.
Either/or:
This is a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by
reducing it to only two sides or choices.
Example:
We can either stop using face mask or get infected with
the virus.
Ad hominem:
This is an attack on the character of a person
rather than his or her opinions or arguments.

Example:
Former president Estrada was not effective in
eradicating corruption because his tactics and
personal life were maligned with scandals.
Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal:
This is an appeal that presents what most people, or a
group of people think, to persuade one to think the same
way. Getting on the bandwagon is one such instance of an
ad populum appeal
Example:
If you were a Filipino, you would support the rights of
people to choose whatever kind of educational delivery
of instruction they want.
Red Herring:
This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key
issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments
rather than addressing them.

Example:
The public transportation may be unsafe, but what
will ordinary people do to support their families?
STRAW MAN
This move oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint
and then attacks that hollow argument.

Example:
People who do not support the proposed state
minimum wage increase hate the poor .
Moral Equivalence:
This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major
atrocities, suggesting that both are equally immoral.

Example:
Those people who created meme of the President
eating dog food is as bad as Satan.
EAPP
WEEK 5 DAY 1
What is a report?
A type of business communication that provides an
update about a project or event related to an
organization. Informal reports are those that are shorter
and deals with a specific event or aspects of an
organization usually written in a casual use of language.
 Common types of Informal Report

Incident Report
Trip Report
Progress Report
 Incident Report
An incident report provides a factual account of an incident to make sure
that the incident will not happen again.
Structure of Incident Report
1. Problem description – narrates the events related to the incident. It
includes the people involved, time, date, place, and problems.
2. Actions taken – states the action that were taken by the sender or by
the personnel directly involved in the incident.
3. Recommendations – provide some suggestions on how the incident
can be prevented by happening again.
 Trip Report
It provides a record of a job-related trip and evaluate whether it was a success
or not.
Here are some examples of trip report: inspection of a site, attendance in
conference or
convention, participation in a training program.
Structure of Trip Report
1. Background – provides basic information about the trip. These includes the
date, duration, objectives, of the trip, destination and the rationale for the trip.
2. Discussion – contains the details and findings obtained
from the trip. It includes observations, contacts, sessions
attended, and problems encountered.
3. Conclusion – presents what you have accomplished from
the trip such as sales made, and linkages established.
4. Recommendation – presents suggestions to make the
next trip more successful. It also recommends certain steps
that the company may take relevant to its own growth and
advancement.
Progress Report
A report featuring an assessment of a project’s
progress or process that conveys details about what
has been accomplished, what is being accomplished
and has to be accomplished still.
 Structure of Progress Report
I. Introduction

A. Purpose of the report

B. Period covered by the report

C. Brief summary

D. Main progress to date or since last report

II. Body

A. Description of the work completed

1. Completed tasks or accomplished items

2. Duration of accomplishing the tasks or items

3. Compliance with the schedule

B. Problems encountered such as delays and

incomplete work
C. Remaining work
1. Remaining tasks
2. Projects to be completed
3.Timetable and strategies
4. Possible risks and strategies
III. Conclusion
A. Evaluation of current status
B. Forecast for project completion
C. Willingness to make adjustment
D. Contact details
C. ACTIVITY
Directions: Read the example of informal report
below and answer the questions that follow.
C. ACTIVITY
Directions: Read the example of informal report
below and answer the questions that follow.
 July 20, 2019

Reported by: Emma Cullen

Last Monday, July 15, 2019, Rachel confided that she has been the victim of cyberbullying
by her classmate, Aldren. It all started when Aldren called her stupid because she made a
mistake in following their teacher’s instructions not knowing that Rachel is sick that is why
she was not able to concentrate well in their class. After that incident, Aldren posted a
picture of her with a mean caption to which Rachel really got affected because it is posted
in their online class platform.
She is afraid that all of her classmates will think that she is really that kind of girl and no
one will trust her anymore. This has caused her emotional distress. She has sadly gone
from a student who loves school, to one who hates school and complains about going. Her
grades have suffered a little, though with some guidance she is doing better. We are kindly
asking you to consider address the cyber bullying problem at Highland Oaks. We would
like you to consider implement a new bullying prevention program. Also, we feel that
students who have been caught cyber bullying should be fully reprimanded.
Guide Questions:

1. Who are the people involved in the problem?

______________________________________

2. Where and when did it happened?

______________________________________

3. What was the problem in the report?

_____________________________________

4. How did it affect Rachel?

_____________________________________

5.What is the point of view used in the report?

_____________________________________

6.This is an example of what informal report?

____________________________________

7. What is the tense of the verb used in the example report?

_______________________________________
D. PRACTICE EXERCISE

Directions: Read the trip report below, then answer questions in evaluation part.
An Excursion to Lumbini
We, the students from ABC School, Kathmandu were in the tour of Lumbini on 23rd November 2017. We were altogether 28 students along with 3
teachers. The title of our tour study was “An Excursion to Lumbini”. Lumbini is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha who is known as “The Light of
Asia”. Lumbini is situated in the Terai region in Rupandehi district of Lumbini zone, Nepal. It has religious and cultural importance. The trip’s
objectives are as follow:
1. To know the history of Buddha in brief.
2. To find out the major attraction of Lumbini.
3. To know the tourists’ reason of visiting Lumbini.
First of all, we fixed the date and place for the educational tour. We collected primary as well as secondary data by using various methods. We
observed, interviewed and took photographs as a method to collect the primary data about Lumbini. We also collected secondary data by
consulting library books, by browsing internet etc. We also studied the relevant newspaper and magazines.
Gautam Buddha was born on 563 BC in Kapilvastu of Lumbini. He was the son of king Suddhodhan and queen Mayadevi. So, he spent his
childhood with luxury at Mayadevi temple. After years of contemplation and meditation, he found enlightenment and become
Buddha. We came to know that Lumbini have high religious importance. It can be developed as the
major tourist destination. Inspite of religious importance and architectural excellence we also find some problems there. So, following
recommendation should be taken.
- Natural environment around the Lumbini areas should be preserved.
- Local people should involve in sanitation.
- A separate government department should be established to preserve Lumbini areas.
Directions: Answer in short statement.

1. Who went to Lumbini?

____________________
2. Why did they visit the place?
________________________________________
3. How did the writer introduce the report?
________________________________________
4. How did they collect the information there?
________________________________________
 
5. What is the objective of the report about Lumbini?