Basic Electronic Devices and

Circuits
Course code: EEE 2106
Course teacher: Rishita Chakma
Lecturer,
Department of CSE, RMSTU.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 1

Materials:
• Conductor: Can conduct current/electricity. Example: Copper,
Aluminium.
• Insulator: Current can not pass through it. Example: Plastic, Wood.
• Semiconductor: Neither a conductor nor an insulator. Example: Si, Ge,
Ga.
• Why do we need semiconductor?
• Semiconductors are a special class of elements having a conductivity
between that of a good conductor and that of an insulator.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 2

Materials:
• Why do we need semiconductor?
• Semiconductors are a special class of elements
having a conductivity between that of a good
conductor and that of an insulator.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 3

Moore’s Law
Moore's law is the observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-
founder of intel, that the number of transistors per square inch on
integrated circuits had doubled every year since the integrated circuit
was invented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for the
foreseeable future. In subsequent years, the pace slowed down a bit, but
data density has doubled approximately every 18 months, and this is the
current definition of Moore's law, which Moore himself has blessed.
Most experts, including Moore himself, expect Moore's law to hold true
until 2020-2025.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 4

Moore’s Law

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 5

Semiconductors
• As time moved on, however, the field of electronics became increasingly
sensitive to issues of speed.
• In time the demand for increased speed resulted in more funding for GaAs
research, to the point that today it is often used as the base material for
new high-speed, very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit designs .
• Si is the leading semiconductor material for electronic components
and ICs.
• In fact, Si is still the fundamental building block for Intel’s new line of
processors.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 6

 Bonding of semiconductors:
To fully appreciate why Si, Ge, and GaAs are the
semiconductors of choice for the electronics industry
requires some understanding of the atomic structure of
each and how the atoms are bound together to form a
crystalline structure.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 7

Covalent Bonding
This bonding of atoms, strengthened by the sharing of electrons, is
called covalent bonding.
Atoms in a pure silicon wafer contains four electrons in outer orbit
(called valence electrons).
– Germanium is another semiconductor material with four valence
electrons.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 8

Si
• In the crystalline lattice structure of Si, the valence electrons of every
Si atom are locked up in covalent bonds with the valence electrons of
four neighboring Si atoms.
– In pure form, Si wafer does not contain any free charge carriers.
– An applied voltage across pure Si wafer does not yield electron flow
through the wafer.
– A pure Si wafer is said to act as an insulator.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 9

Intrinsic material:
•The term intrinsic is applied to any semiconductor material that has
been carefully ENERGY LEVELS 5 refined to reduce the number of
impurities to a very low level—essentially as pure as can be made
available through modern technology.
In order to make useful semiconductor devices, materials such as
phosphorus (P) and boron (B) are added to Si to change Si’s conductivity.
Intrinsic material creates 2 types of semiconductor:
1. n- type
2. p- type

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 10

Energy Level:
• The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the higher is the energy
state, and any electron that has left its parent atom has a higher
energy state than any electron in the atomic structure.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 11

Energy Level:

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 12

unit of measurement :
• W = QV
= (1.6 * 10-19 C)(1 V)
= 1.6 * 10-19 J

so, 1 eV = 1.6 * 10-19 J

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 13

N-Type Silicon
• Pentavalent impurities such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth have 5 valence electrons.
• When phosphorus impurity is added to Si, every phosphorus atom’s
four valence electrons are locked up in covalent bond with valence
electrons of four neighboring Si atoms.
• However, the 5th valence electron of phosphorus atom does not find
a binding electron and thus remains free to float.
• When a voltage is applied across the silicon-phosphorus mixture, free
electrons migrate toward the positive voltage end.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 14

N-type Si
• When phosphorus is added to Si to yield the above effect, we say that
Si is doped with phosphorus. The resulting mixture is called n-type
silicon (n: negative charge carrier silicon).
• The pentavalent impurities are referred to as donor impurities.

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 15

N-type Si

Prepared by Rishita Chakma, Lecturer,RMSTU 16