BASICS 2

THE 08 TYPES OF WORD

1.THE NOUNS
2.THE VERBS
3.THE PRONOUNS
4.THE PREPOSITIONS
5.THE ADJECTIVES
6.THE ADVERBS
7.THE CONJUNCTIONS
8.THE INTERJECTIONS
 THE NOUNS
• ROLE: They play the role of subject and object
• POSITION: Everywhere in the sentence
• NATURE: There are two types of Noun

1.COUNTABLE NOUNS: orange, book, pencil, table,

student, school, lights, coins, banknotes, etc.
2.UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: sugar, water, rice, juice,
light, money, etc.
THE NOUNS
RULES COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
THE YES YES
A, AN YES NO
MANY YES NO
MUCH NO YES
A FEW YES NO
A LITTLE NO YES
SOME YES YES
ANY YES YES
SINGULAR YES YES
PLURAL YES NO
 Homework 1: the Nouns
make sentences using the following words and
putting them in the same sentence
• Many / Much / A few / A little
• Some / Any / The / A or An
• Singular / Plural
 THE VERBS
• ROLE: They show action or state

• POSITION: before and after the nouns

• NATURE: there are two big groups of verb

• THE AUXILIARIES
• THE ORDINARY VERBS
 THE VERBS
THE AUXILIARIES THE ORDINARY VERBS
Helping verbs Main verbs

ORDINARY AUXILIARIES REGULAR / IRREGULAR

To be – to have – to do
MODAL AUXILIARIES TRANSITIVE / INTRANSITIVE
Must – can – may – should –
would – could – shall – will –
might – ought to.
SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARIES DYNAMIC / STATIVE
 REGULAR / IRREGULAR
•Regular verbs take ED in the preterit and the
past participle
•To finish – finished – finished
•To play – played - played
•Irregular verbs change totally, or partially or
remain the same
•To give – gave – given
•To buy – bought – bought
•To put – put -put
 TRANSITIVE / INTRANSITIVE
Transitive verbs take a direct object
•I speak english
•I eat rice
•I see you
Intransitive verbs do not need a direct
object to make sense
•I go to school
•I eat fast
 DYNAMIC / STATIVE
•Dynamic verbs show action
To shoot, to play, to go, to eat, to buy, to kiss,
to bargain, to look at, to listen to, to think
•Stative verbs show no action, but a state, a
feeling or a situation
To love, to like, to prefer, to see, to hear, to
sleep, to understand
 Homework 2:
make sentences following the criteria
Example: I go to school (Irregular/ intransitive /dynamic)

•Regular / transitive / dynamic

•Regular / intransitive / stative
•Irregular / transitive / dynamic
•Irregular / intransitive / stative
 ORDINARY AUXILIARIES
• To be (am, is, was, were)
• Ing: I am playing football
• Passive: the door is closed
• to have (has, had)
• Compound tenses: i have drunk water
• to do
• Negative: I do not speak
• Interrogative: Do I speak?
• Emphasis: I do like english
• Stand for: I play football like my sister does
 MODAL AUXILIARIES
Must - strong obligation
can – capacity - ability
may – probability / permission
should – advice - obligation
would – conditional
could – conditional
shall – near future
will – far future
might – probability in the past
ought to- moral obligation
SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARIES

•To dare –
•used to –
•need (not)
 Homework 3:
Make sentences with the 16 AUXILIARIES/ Keep the same
sentence. You just need to change the auxiliary
AUXILIARIES SENTENCES TRANSLATION
 THE PRONOUNS
• ROLE: They replace the nouns

• POSITION: Before and after the verbs

• NATURE: There are 09 types of pronoun

 The 09 types of Pronoun
PPS PPO POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL DEMONS INTERROGA RELATIVE INDEFINITE
TRATIVE TIVE

I ME MINE MYSELF THIS WHO? WHO A, AN

YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF (near) WHOM? WHOM SOME
EACH
OTHER
HE HIM HIS HIMSELF THESE WHICH? WHICH MANY
(02)

SHE HER HERS HERSELF WHOSE? WHOSE MUCH

IT IT ITS ITSELF THAT WHAT? THAT SEVERAL

ONE (far)
WE US OURS OURSELVES ANOTHER EVERY
(03+)
YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES THOSE ANY
 HOMEWORK 4

•TELL A STORY AND PUT INSIDE

THE 09 TYPES OF PRONOUN
 THE PREPOSITIONS
• ROLE: They connect sentences, words and clauses

• POSITION: everywhere in the sentence

• NATURE:
1.The prepositions of Place
2.The prepositions of Time
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE / PREPOSITIONS
OF TIME
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

AT IS USED FOR A POINT IS USED FOR A PRECISE TIME

IN IS USED FOR AN ENCLOSED SPACE IS USED FOR MONTHS, YEARS,

CENTURIES AND LONG PERIODS

ON IS USED FOR A SURFACE IS USED FOR DAYS AND DATES

 HOMEWORK 5:
Make sentences with PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE /
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
SENTENCES WITH AT, IN, ON

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

PREPOSITIONS OF
PLACE /PREPOSITIONS OF
 THE ADJECTIVES
• ROLE: They qualify or modify the nouns
• POSITION: always before the nouns
Un stylo rouge: a red pen
Une petite fille belle et rusée: a little, beautiful and clever girl
• NATURE: There are 04 Types of adjective
Short Long Short-long Irregular form

Fat, small, strong, Expensive, Clever Good

pretty, ugly, tall, beautiful, Simple Far
long, dangerous, Quiet Bad
important Narrow
 COMPARATIVE / SUPERLATIVE
Short Long Short-long Irregular
form
COMPARATIVE TALL IMPORTANT SIMPLE GOOD

Superiority Taller than More important Simpler than or Better than

than more simple than

Equality As tall as As important as As simple as As good as

Inferiority Less tall than Less important than Less simple than Less good than

SUPERLATIVE

Superiority The tallest The most important The simplest or the The best
Homework 6: make sentences using the guidelines
• COMPARATIVE / SHORT / EQUALITY
• COMPARATIVE / SHORT-LONG/ SUPERIORITY
• SUPERLATIVE / IRREGULAR FORM / INFERIORITY
• SUPERLATIVE / LONG / INFERIORITY
 THE ADVERBS
• ROLE: They qualify or modify the verbs, the adjectives and
other adverbs
Example:
Adverb + verb: she drives slowly
Adverb + adjective: she is very kind
Adverb + adverb: she drives incredibly slowly
• POSITION: everywhere in the sentence
• NATURE: There are 02 Types of adverb
REGULAR FORM IRREGULAR FORM
Adjective + ly No ly
Shortly, generally, slowly, quickly, nicely, gradually, etc. Very, so, too, never, always, often, etc.
 Adverbs of Frequency
Degree Adverbs
100% Always
85% Usually
75% Frequently
65% Occasionally
50% Sometimes
40% Often
30% Rarely – Scarcely
20% Seldom
10% Hardly ever
 THE CONJUNCTIONS

• ROLE: They connect sentences, words and clauses

• POSITION: everywhere in the sentence

• NATURE:
1.Coordinating conjunctions
2.Subordinating conjunctions
COORDINATING / SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

For – car - justification because , while, as, however, whereas, since, as soon
And – et - addition as, despite, in spite of, etc.
Nor – ni - negation
But – mais - constraint - opposition
Or – ou - choice
Yet – or - contradiction
So – donc – consequence - result
 Homework 7: Coordinating Conjunctions:
The following exercises will help you gain greater understanding about how coordinating
conjunctions work. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
 Homework 7: Subordinating Conjunction:
Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from the
parenthesis:
• I visit the Grand Canyon _________ I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever)
• This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
• _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
• You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
• I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
• We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
• Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
• The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed often.
(though, as, once)
• She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
• Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)
 Homework 7:
make sentences using the FANBOYS

• FOR / AND
• NOR / BUT / OR
• YET / SO
THE INTERJECTIONS
• Nature: they are short exclamations used to show
your feeling and emotions (sad, happy, angry, tired,
surprised, excited, etc.), there is no rule for their use.
• Example:
• Ah, Oh, waaw, yes, ay, ouy, wouy,