ORGANISATION OF PLANT

TISSUES AND GROWTH

 PLANT TISSUE

MERISTEMATIC PERMANENT
TISSUE TISSUE

APICAL LATERAL
EPIDERMAL GROUND VASCULAR
MERISTEMATIC MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE TISSUE TISSUE
TISSUE TISSUE

PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCYHM

XYLEM TISSUE PHLOEM TISSUE
TISSUE TISSUE A TISSUE
PERMANENT TISSUE
xylem

Matured tissues which have

experienced differentiation

Three types of permanent tissue

- Epidermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue

Each carry out different functions

 PERMANENT TISSUE
EPIDERMAL TISSUE

Outermost surface of stem, leaves and roots of young plants

Cell walls which are exposed to the air have a waxy and waterproof layer called cuticle

Function of cuticle:
Reduces loss of water through evaporation
Protects the leaf from mechanical injuries and pathogen

There are modified epidermal cells:

Guard cell – controls the opening of the stoma
Root hair cells – increase the surface area of the root for water and mineral salts
absorption
 PERMANENT TISSUE
GROUND TISSUE

 Simplest living cells and do not

undergo differentiation
 Thinnest cell wall
 Always in turgid state
 Involved in photosynthesis, gaseous
exchange, storage of starch and sugar,
repair and regeneration of plant tissue
 PERMANENT TISSUE
COLLENCHYMA TISSUE

 Made of living cells which mature into

cells that are flexible
 Cell wall made of pectin and
hemicellulose
 Cell walls thicker than parenchyma
tissue
 Provide mechanical support and
elasticity to plants
 PERMANENT TISSUE
SCLERENCYHMA TISSUE

 Made of dead cells when they are

matured
 Cell wall are the thickest
 Provide support and mechanical
strength to the part of matured plant
and helps in the transport of water and
nutrients in plants
VASCULAR TISSUE
XYLEM

 Made up of dead cells without the

cytoplasm
 Cell wall contains lignin
 Consists of xylem vessel that are
elongated, hollow and connected to
each other from roots to leaves
 Transport water and mineral salt to
all parts of a plant
VASCULAR TISSUE
PHLEOM

 Made of companion cells and sieve tubes

 Made of living cells which is the sieve
tubes
 Sieve tube do not have any organelles as
they decompose at maturity stage
 Consist of sieve tube arranged from end
to end
 Transport sugar from leaves to storage
organ
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE AND GROWTH
Meristem
Tissue

Apical Lateral
Meristem Meristem
 Zone of Cell Growth
 Tips of shoot and roots can Shoot apical
meristem
be divided into three zones Zone of cell Leaf
of cell growth division primordium Zone of cell
differentiation
Zone of cell division Zone of cell Vascular
tissue starts
elongation
Zone of cell elongation to form
Zone of cell
Zone of cell Zone of cell
differentiation
Xylem
Phloem
elongation
differentiation Zone of cell
Matured division
tissue
 The growth that happens
in these zones is the
primary growth
 Zone of cell division
Take place at the apical meristem consists of Small vacuole
actively dividing meristem cells through mitosis
cytoplasm
Increase number of cell causes the elongation of the Nucleus
plant stem Cell wall

When new cell are forming, the cells formed

previously are pushed to the zone of cell elongation
 Zone of cell elongation
Small vacuole

Consists of cells that are increasing in size

Water diffuse by osmosis and the absorption of nutrients into Enlarged

the cells and stored in the vacuole vacuole

Small vacuoles fuse to form a large vacuole (VACUOLATION)

The diffused water exerts pressure against the cell wall

Small vacuoles combine to
form a large vacuole
Zone of cell differentiation
Consists of differentiating cells that differentiate once
they have reached their maximum size

They will form permanent tissues such as epidermis,

cortex, xylem and phloem

The cells change their shape and structures to

become specialized cells with specific function.
 TYPES OF GROWTH
Primary growth

Growth that occur after germination and

it takes place in all plants to elongate
their stem and roots

Takes place in apical meristems at the

shoot and root tips

Starts when the meristems cells in zone

of cell division are actively dividing
 TYPES OF GROWTH
PRIMARY GROWTH

• Growth that occurs after germination in all

plants to elongate their stems and roots
• Takes place in the apical meristems at the
shoot tips and root tips
• Meristem cells in the zone of cell division of
apical meristems are actively dividing
• At the shoot tips, leaf primordia and shoot
primordia will grow to form new leaves and
shoots
• At the root tips, cells of the root cap will be
replaced by meristem cells
 TYPES OF GROWTH
SECONDARY GROWTH

• Occurs mainly in eudicots and a small number

of monocots
• Increase the circumference or diameter of
plant stem and root
• Result from the division of lateral meristem
cells located in the stem and root
• Lateral meristems consist of vascular cambium
and cork cambium
SECONDARY GROWTH AT THE STEM
Secondary growth starts when the vascular
cambium divides actively through mitosis

The cells in the cambium ring divide

inwards to form new xylem and outwards
to form new phloem
The new xylem tissues become secondary
xylem and the new phloem tissues become
secondary phloem
When undergoing secondary growth, primary xylem is pushed towards the pith
and primary phloem is pushed towards the epidermis
As a result, primary xylem tissues are compressed to form a stronger wood layer
This is because the walls of xylem are thickened with lignin which provides mechanical
support to plants
When the secondary xylem layer is compressed, there is an addition to the
circumference of the stem which causes the epidermis of the stem to stretch and crack
Cork cambium actively divides to form cork cells on the outer side and cortex on the
inner side
The cork layer protects the stem from insect and pathogen
SECONDARY GROWTH AT THE ROOT
NECESSITY OF PRIMARY GROWTH
Primary phloem can
Allows maximum
transport the product
elongation of plants to
of photosynthesis from
absorb sunlight for
leaves to other parts of
photosynthesis
the plants

Primary xylem can

transport water and Primary xylem provides
mineral salts from the support to herbaceous
soil via the roots to the or young plants
leaves
 Provide stability to plants by
increasing the stem and root
diameter to suit the height of
plants
Produces more xylem and
NECESSITY OF SECONDARY phloem tissue
GROWTH
Produces stronger and
thicker bark to provide
protection to the plants from
excessive water loss, physical
injuries and pathogen
infection
Provides mechanical support
to plants
Produces xylem and phloem
tissues continuously to
replace old and damaged
xylem and phloem tissues
Able to live longer by
increasing the chances of
seed production and
reproduction
 COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMARY GROWTH AND SECONDARY
GROWTH

SIMILARITIES
Both growths can increase the size of the plants permanently

Both growths occur in woody plants

Both growths involve cell division by mitosis

 PRIMARY GROWTH ASPECT SECONDARY GROWTH

Apical meristem Meristem tissue involved Lateral meristem (vascular

cambium and cork cambium)
DIFFERENCES
Occurs on stems and roots in Parts of the plant that undergo Occurs when primary growth has
younger regions of the plant growth ceased on matured stem and roots

Growth occurs longitudinally Direction of growth Growth occurs radially

Increases the length of stems and Growth effects Increase the thickness or
roots of plant circumference of stem and root

Epidermis, cortex and primary Tissues and structures formed Bark, periderm (cork cambium and
vascular tissue cork tissues), lenticles and
secondary vascular tissues
Do not have woody tissues Presence of woody tissues Have woody tissues

Thin Thickness of bark Thick

Absence of annual growth rings Presence of annual growth rings Presence of annual growth rings at
the stem
TYPES OF PLANTS
ANNUAL PLANTS
• Plants that have only one life cycle for a season or a year
• Usually die after completing their biological cycle which starts from germination and ends with flowering or
producing seeds
• Paddy, pumpkin, watermelon

BIENNIAL PLANTS
• Plants which take two years with two seasons of growth to complete life cycle
• The first growth season is the vegetative which is the growth of root, leaves and stem
• The second growth season is reproduction

PERENNIAL PLANTS
• Plants which live more than two years.
• Have longer lifespan depending on the species and condition.
• can be classified into two categories, woody perennial plants and herbaceous perennial plants.
• Grass, hibiscus and mango plant
GROWTH CURVE IN PLANTS
ANNUAL PLANT o The growth curve is a sigmoid curve
o Stage A : Decreasing dry mass
- Food stored in the cotyledon is used for
germination before leaves emerge to carry
photosynthesis
o Stage B : Increasing dry mass
- Rate of growth increasing rapidly
o Stage C : Constant dry mass
- The rate of growth is zero
o Stage D : Decreasing dry mass
- Happens slowly because aging, shedding of
leaves, lower rate of photosynthesis
GROWTH CURVE IN PLANTS
BIENNAL PLANT
o The growth curve has two sigmoid curve
o First growth season:
- Plants produce leaves, photosynthesis
take place
- Food is stored in tubers
o Second growth season :
- The food is used to produce flower and
seeds
GROWTH CURVE IN PLANTS
PERENNIAL PLANT

o The growth curve is a series of small sigmoid

curves
o Every year the growth curve is a sigmoid curve
o The rate of growth is high during spring and
summer due to high light intensity
o The rate of growth decreases in winter