The Sociological perspective

Introduction

UME SUMAYYA
LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter .

 Definition and meaning of sociology

 Sociological imagination: individual problems
versus social problems
 Sociology as a science
 Relationship of Sociology with other social
sciences

2
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY

 A dictionary defines sociology as the

systematic study of society and social
interaction. The word “sociology” is derived
from the Latin word socius (companion) and
the Greek word logos(speech or reason), which
together mean “reasoned speech about
companionship”
 Sociology is the scientific study of human
society & social behavior.
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
 It focuses primarily on the influence of social
relationships upon people’s attitudes and behavior and
on how societies are established and change.

 The ultimate aim of sociology as summed up by

Samuel Koenig is “to improve man’s adjustment to
life by developing objective knowledge concerning
social phenomena which can be used to deal
effectively with social problems.”
MEANING OF SOCIOLOGY
 The study of the Development
 organization, functioning, and classification of
human societies
 social relations
 the study of the beliefs, values, etc of societal
groups
 and of the processes of governing & social
phenomenon
Sociological imagination: sociological
perspective
 Pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills called the sociological
imagination, referred to as the “sociological lens” or
“sociological perspective.”
 In a sense, this was Mills’ way of addressing the dilemmas of
the macro/micro divide in sociology.
 Mills defined sociological imagination as how individuals
understand their own and others’ parts in relation to history
and social structure (1959). It is the capacity to see an
individual’s private troubles in the context of the broader
social processes that structure them. This enables the
sociologist to examine what Mills called “personal troubles of
milieu” as “public issues of social structure,” and vice versa.
Sociological imagination: individual problems versus social problems

1. The sociological perspective is important because it

provides a different way of looking at familiar
worlds. It allows us to gain a new vision of social
life.
2. This perspective stresses the broader social context
of behavior by looking at individuals’ social
location, employment, income, education, gender,
age, and race –and by considering external
influences –people’s experiences –which are
internalized and become part of a person’s thinking
and motivations.
Sociological imagination: individual problems versus social
problems
We are able to see the links between what people do and the
social settings that shape their behavior.
3. The sociological perspective enables us to analyze and
understand both the forces that contribute to the emergence
and growth of the global village and our unique experiences
in our own smaller corners of this village.
EXAMPLES: Individual problems versus social problems
 Mills reasoned that personal/individual problems like being
overweight, being unemployed, having marital difficulties, or
feeling purposeless or depressed can be purely personal in
nature. It is possible for them to be addressed and understood in
terms of personal, psychological, or moral attributes, either
one’s own or those of the people in one’s immediate milieu.
 In an individualistic society like our own, this is in fact the most
likely way that people will regard the issues they confront: “I
have an addictive personality;” “I can’t get a break in the job
market;” “My husband is unsupportive;” etc. However, if private
troubles are widely shared with others, they indicate that there is
a common social problem that has its source in the way social
life is structured.
 Sociology As A Science
 Sociological analysis: An analysis of human society and culture
with a sociological perspective. Also to analyze the factors &
forces underlying historical transformations of society.
 Study of primary units of social life: It is concerned with
social acts and social relationships, individual personality,
groups, communities, associations, organizations and
populations.
 Development, structure & function of a wide variety of basic
social institutions: Such as the family & kinship, religion &
property, economic, political, legal, educational and scientific,
recreational & welfare, aesthetic & expressive institutions.
 Sociology As A Science

 Fundamental social processes: Such as cooperation

& competition; accommodation & assimilation; social
conflict including war & revolution; communication;
social differentiation & stratification; socialization &
programming; social control & deviance (crime,
suicide); social integration & social change.
 Emphasis on social research: Contemporary
sociology has tended to become more and more
rational & empirical rather than philosophical &
idealistic.
 Sociology As A Science

 Formulation of Concepts, Propositions, and

Theories:
 Concepts are abstracted from concrete experience to
represent a class of phenomena. Terms such as social
stratification, differentiation, conformity, deviance etc.
represent concepts.
 A Proposition seeks to reflect a relationship between
different categories of data or concepts. For example,
‘lower class youths are more likely to commit crimes
than middle class youths’. This proposition is debatable.
It may prove to be false.
 Theories represent systematically related propositions
that explain social phenomena. Sociological theories are
mostly rooted in factual than philosophical.
Relationship of Sociology with other social sciences
 Sociology is similar to the other social sciences in some ways but it
is distinct because it looks at all social institutions, focuses on
industrialized societies, and looks at external factors which influence
people.

 The goals of science are a) to explain why something happens; b) to

generalize, going beyond the individual cases and looking for
patterns (recurring characteristics or events) and then making
statements that apply to a broader group or situation; and c) to
predict, specifying what will happen in the future in light of current
knowledge.

 Science can be divided into the Natural Sciences and the Social
Sciences.
Relationship of Sociology with other social sciences
Natural Sciences: It attempt to comprehend, explain, and predict
events in our natural environment.
Social sciences : It attempt to objectively study the social world.
Like the natural sciences, the social sciences are divided into
specialized fields based on their subject matter.
Political science: It focuses on politics or government.
Economics: It analyzes the production, distribution, and
allocation of the material goods and services of a society.
Anthropology: attempts to understand culture (a people’s total
way of life) by focusing primarily on preliterate people.
Psychology: concentrates on processes that occur within the
individual.