Basic Antennas

Hertz Antenna
 Hertzian Dipole
• The elementary doublet (Hertzian
Dipole) is a theoretical antenna
shorter than a wavelength.
• It is used as a standard to which
all other antenna characteristics
can be compared.
Hertz Antenna
 Field Strength
60 𝜋 𝐿𝑒𝐼
𝐸= sin 𝜃
𝑟
where:
magnitude of field strength
distance
antenna length
antenna current
angle of the axis of the wire and the point
of maximum radiation
 Relative Power Density
2
𝐸
𝑃𝐷= ①
120 𝜋
60 𝜋 𝐿𝑒𝐼
𝐸= sin 𝜃 ②
𝑟
Substitute ② into ①
2 2 2
30 𝜋 𝐼 𝐿𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑃𝐷= 2 2
 𝑅
 Example
If a 1MHz current flowing in Hertzian dipole of 30-m length is 5A
then what will be the field strength at a distance of 1 km and at
an angle of .

Given: 𝜃=90 ° 𝑟 =1𝑘𝑚 𝑓 =1 𝑀𝐻𝑧

𝐿𝑒=30 𝑚 𝐼=5 𝐴
Required: 𝐸
 Example
Solution:
60 𝜋 𝐿𝑒𝐼
𝐸= sin 𝜃
𝑟
60 𝜋 ( 30 ) (5 )
𝐸= sin 90 °
( 3 ×10 /1 ×10 ) ( 1× 10 )
8 6 3

3𝜋
𝐸= 𝑉 /𝑚
100
Half-Wave Dipole
 Half-Wave Dipole

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

 Half-Wave Dipole
2,500  2,500 

73 

IMPEDANCE CURVE
 Half-Wave Dipole

• The radiation resistance of the dipole is ideally 73 ohms when

the conductor is infinitely thin and the antenna is in free space.
• As the conductor thickness increases with respect to the length
of the antenna, the radiation resistance decreases.
• The resistance drops gradually as the diameter increases.
Half-Wave Dipole
Marconi Antenna
 Monopole Antenna

• A monopole antenna one-quarter wavelength long mounted

vertically with the lower end either connected directly to
ground.
• Also called Marconi antenna
Monopole Antenna
 Monopole Antenna

These horizontal wires

at the base of the antenna
are referred to as radials

Radials
 Monopole Antenna
• The effectiveness of a vertically polarized omnidirectional
antenna depends on making good electrical contact with the
earth.
• Once a good electrical connection to the earth has been made,
the earth becomes what is known as a ground plane.
• The entire ground-plane collection of radials is often referred
to as counterpoise.
Counterpoise
Marconi Antenna
 Monopole Antenna
• At high frequencies, when antennas are short, any large, flat
metallic surface can serve as an effective ground plane.
• Vertical antennas are widely used on cars, trucks, boats, and
other vehicles.
• The metallic roof of a car makes a superior ground plane for
VHF and UHF antennas.