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Chromosomal Inheritance A
Chromosomal Inheritance A
Basis of
Inheritance
Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were genes
Today we can show that genes are located on
chromosomes
The location of a particular gene can be seen by
tagging isolated chromosomes with a fluorescent
dye that highlights the gene
FIGURE 15.1
Mitosis and meiosis were first described in the late
1800s
The chromosome theory of inheritance states:
Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on
chromosomes
Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent
assortment
The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can
account for Mendel’s laws of segregation and
independent assortment
P Generation Yellow-round Green-wrinkled
seeds (YYRR) seeds (yyrr)
Y ry
R R r
Y y
Meiosis
Fertilization
R Y y r
Gametes
F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y
Meiosis
LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT
The two alleles for each r ASSORTMENT Alleles of genes
R r R
gene separate during on nonhomologous chromosomes
gamete formation. Metaphase I assort independently during
gamete formation.
Y y Y y
1 1
R r r R
Anaphase I
Y y Y y
R r r R
2 2
Y y Metaphase II Y y
Y y Y
Y y Y y y
Gametes
R R r r r r R R
1
/4 YR 1
/4 yr 1
/4 Yr 1
/4 yR
F2 Generation An F1 F1 cross-fertilization
3 Fertilization recombines 3 Fertilization results in the
the R and r alleles at 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
random. 9 :3 :3 :1 in the F2 generation.
P Generation Yellow-round Green-wrinkled
seeds (YYRR) seeds (yyrr)
Y y
r
R R r
Y y
Meiosis
Fertilization
R Y y r
Gametes
All F1 plants produce
yellow-round seeds (YyRr).
F1 Generation
R R
y y
r r
Y Y
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
LAW OF SEGREGATION Meiosis
ASSORTMENT Alleles of
The two alleles for each R r r R genes on nonhomologous
gene separate during chromosomes assort
gamete formation. Metaphase I independently during gamete
Y y Y y formation.
1 1
R r r R
Anaphase I
Y y Y y
R r r R
Metaphase
2 II 2
Y y Y y
Y y Y
Y y Y y y
Gametes
R R r r r r R R
/4 YR
1
/4 yr
1 1
/4 Yr 1
/4 yR
LAW OF SEGREGATION LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
F2 Generation
An F1 F1 cross-fertilization
F1 All offspring
Generation had red eyes.
RESULTS
F2
Generation
CONCLUSION
P w w
X X
Generation X Y
w
w
Sperm
Eggs
F1 w
w w
Generation
w
w
Sperm
Eggs
w w
w
F2
w
Generation
w w
w
w
FIGURE 15.4A
EXPERIMENT
P
Generation
F1 All offspring
Generation had red eyes.
RESULTS
F2
Generation
CONCLUSION
P w w
X X
Generation X Y
w
w
Sperm
Eggs
F1 w w
w
Generation w
w
Sperm
Eggs
w w
w
F2
Generation w
w w
w
w
In humans and some other animals, there is a
chromosomal basis of sex determination
Y
Females are XX, and males are XY
Each ovum contains an X chromosome,
while a sperm may contain either an X or a
Y chromosome
Other animals have different methods of
sex determination
22 22 22
X or Y X
Sperm Egg
44 44
XX or XY
22 22
XX X
76 76
ZW ZZ
32 16
(Diploid) (Haploid)
44 44
Parents
XY XX
22 22 22
or X
X Y
Sperm Egg
44 44
XX or XY
Zygotes (offspring)
(a) The X-Y system
22 22
XX X
76 76
ZW ZZ
32 16
(Diploid) (Haploid)
b b vg vg b b vg vg
FIGURE 15.9-2
EXPERIMENT P Generation (homozygous)
Double mutant
Wild type (black body,
(gray body, normal wings) vestigial wings)
b b vg vg b b vg vg
b b vg vg b b vg vg
FIGURE 15.9-3
EXPERIMENT P Generation (homozygous)
Double mutant
Wild type (black body,
(gray body, normal wings) vestigial wings)
b b vg vg b b vg vg
b b vg vg b b vg vg
Testcross
offspring Eggs b vg b vg b vg b vg
Sperm
b b vg vg b b vg vg b b vg vg b b vg vg
FIGURE 15.9-4
EXPERIMENT P Generation (homozygous)
Double mutant
Wild type (black body,
(gray body, normal wings) vestigial wings)
b b vg vg b b vg vg
b b vg vg b b vg vg
Testcross
offspring Eggs b vg b vg b vg b vg
Sperm
b b vg vg b b vg vg b b vg vg b b vg vg
PREDICTED RATIOS
If genes are located on different chromosomes: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
b+ vg+ b vg
F1 dihybrid female
and homozygous
recessive male b vg b vg
in testcross
b+ vg+ b vg
Most offspring or
b vg b vg