ED 207 THEORIES AND PRACTICE IN GUIDANCE

Chapter 7
COUNSELING

JENELYN D. BOMBASE JINA-LUZ Z. ALFEROL, Ed.D., Ph.D

A. Nature and Function
Counseling
 Is inseparable from guidance.
 Guidance can be sought from counseling, aiming at provision of
assistance that will eventually lead to a change in behavior or
attitude.
 Guidance offers organized services and program, while
counseling as part of guidance, pertains to creation of a
wholesome relationship between the counselor and the
counselee to build rapport to allow the counselor to make a
move.
This is a collaborative process wherein the
counselor takes a passive position of listening, as the
counselee is encouraged to articulate himself until he
clarifies his thinking to consider various steps in
solving his own problem
The counselor simply facilitates the counselee in
knowing how to face his own difficulty.
Counseling can possibly help prevent the
development of a problem into a more complicated
one.
B. Proper Counseling Setting

 Privacy- the place should be conducive to a setting

where the counselee feels free to cry, shout, and air
whatever he wants to unburden.
 Counselor- his attitude counts. He must show a
genuine interest to accommodate the counselee;
listen to him and exhibit a sincere wish to really
provide help.
C. Phases of Counseling
1. The exploratory phase
- Wherein the counselor tries to show his willingness
to share his time for counseling.
2. The introduction phase
-both the counselor and counselee size up how and
where to begin. Learning about the symptoms and
setting into counselee a picture of himself with his
words and movement are also done here.
3. Interpretative phase
- The counselee starts to tell why he has come to the session, what he wants,
and how he looks at the problem while the counselor tries to study facts
presented to him.
4. Working phase
- Wherein the counselee is led to see himself clearly; takes and weighs
options for solution and is guided freely to make his own assessment,
choice, and decision.
5. Terminating phase
- Which is when the counselee feels certain and sure of a workable solution.
D. Essentials in Counseling
1. Rapport must be maintained through out the entire process. There must be a
comfortable feeling of mutual confidence. The counselee should feel free to
pour out his bottled-up emotion while the counselor must feel competent and
confident to give his unconditional assistance to come up with a positive
move.
2. Relationship must be one of openness, trust, and warmth. The counselee shall
be and willing to give himself an access to self-analysis and new direction,
whereas the counselor must offer a listening ear to his client.
3. Respect must be observed all the time. The counselor must exercise and
reserve that respect for the counselee’s decision.
E. Counseling Position
1. Sitting- both must be seated without any table serving as barrier between
them. They must be in a relaxed condition.
2. Open- the counselor must move his hands and arms openly to make the
counselee feel that he is accepted.
3. Lean- the counselor must not be too stiff. He should be in little leaning
position to let the counselee feel that he is cared for.
4. Eye-to-eye contact- this should be maintained.
5. Relax- the counselor must be relaxed as counselee starts to ask some
questions for clarification while he listens to counselee’s stories between
sobs.

Key word- SOLER

F. Discouraging Facts About Counseling
1. It is time-consuming- the process does not end in
one sitting/ session.
2. It is emotionally tiring.
3. It is physically exhausting.
4. It is frequently unsuccessful because we cannot
impose on them what can be perceived as the best
and swift solution.
5. It looks unrewarding
G. Some Psychological Foundations for Consideration in
Counseling
1. Freudian Theory- speaks of defense mechanisms as influencing
factors in our understanding of abnormal behavior of our clients.
Freud further articulates of the influence of early childhood
experience on a person.
2. Alfred Adler’s Theory- his popular contribution was his
observation on family constellation and birth order as
determinants of personality. This approach on misdirected goals
of a child results in behavioral problem.
Counseling Process
The counselor should empathize to establish a therapeutic climate.
The next is to assess his client’s lifestyle by learning about his goals,
beliefs, motives, and feelings. He continues to probe the client’s
sibling relationship, or his perception to interpret his basic mistakes
until he finally develops his own insight.

Important things to remember:

1. The willingness of the counselee to participate in the process.
2. Appropriate training and personal attitude of the counselor.
3. Appropriate environment that provides confidentiality is also a
must.
3. Karen Horney’s Theory
Horney believes in parent-child relationship as the root of
anxiety of a misbehaving child. A misplaced child in the
classroom exhibits inappropriate attitude because of a possible
of a possible rift between the child and his parents.

She further explains the three (3) basic orientations namely:

-moving towards people because of need for love
-moving away from people because of independence.
-moving against people because of need for power
4. Directive Clinical Counseling by Williamson
This is directive counseling wherein the counselee is given direct
counseling based on his records, test results, and interview. The
counselor initiates the counseling session by leading the
conversation.

5. Person-Centered Counseling
Carl Rogers introduced this approach. The counselor focuses on the
client’s feeling and the counselee is free to set goals and to explore
his problem. The emphasis is on the person and his potentials while
the problem comes secondary only.
6. Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles
Howard Gardner introduced the emergence of multiple
intelligence where students are permitted to excel in fields
other than Mathematics and Language
This theory recognizes a multi-dimensional intelligence in a
child.
Knowledge on multiple intelligences affords the counselor to
assist clients who are referred to him for misbehavior
problems.
For Further Discussion

1. What do you understand by learning

styles and multiple intelligences?

2.How does knowledge of learning styles

and multiple intelligences help prevent
behavioral problems in school?
 Thank you
for listening!!
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