1.

ENERGY PRODUCTION

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
is made up of organs that are important
for 2.
the NUTRITION
breakdown and absorption
of nutrients from the food we eat.
 DIGESTIVE TRACT A C C E S S O RY O R G A N S

• MOUTH • S A L I VA R Y G L A N D S
• P H A R Y N X / T H R O AT • LIVER
• ESOPHAGUS • GALLBLADDER
• STOMACH • PA N C R E A S
• SMALL INTESTINES
• LARGE INTESTINES
• RECTUM
• ANUS
 SALIVARY GLANDS

MOUTH
TONGUE
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS

LIVER
GALLBLADDER

STOMACH
DUODENUM PANCREAS
LARGE INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

RECTUM
ANUS
 PERITONEUM
a serous membrane that lines the
abdomen and abdominal organs

Serous Fluid
- lubricate & reduce friction
 MESENTERY
connective tissue that holds
internal organs in place in the
abdominal cavity

provide route by which vessels and

nerves can pass from
abdominal wall
to the organ
 FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1.Ingestion – Intake of solid or

liquid into the stomach.

2. Propulsion – Movement of food

from one end of tract to the other.
• Swallowing
• Peristalsis
• Mass Movement
3. Mechanical Breakdown –
physically breakdown of food
fragments into smaller particles
• Chewing
• Gastric Acid
• Segmentation
 FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

4. Digestion – chemically breakdown of

large molecules into their building
blocks by enzymes.

5. Absorption – transport of molecules

from lumen of GI tract into the blood or
lymphatic system.

6. Defecation – removal of indigestible

residue from the body via anus in the
form of feces. A.k.a. elimination
 S U M M A RY
OF GI ACTIVITIES
DIGESTIVE TRACT

MOUTH or Oral cavity

• Beginning of digestion (mastication)
• 32 teeth
• Bolus
• Tongue: intrinsic + extrinsic
• Propulsion: Swallowing
• Start of carb digestion
A C C E S S O RY O R G A N
Salivary Glands – Saliva + Salivary
amylase
• Parotid
• Submadibular
• Sublingual
DIGESTIVE TRACT

PHARYNX
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

N o t e : O N LY O r o p h a r y n x
+ Laryngopharynx transmit food
 DIGESTIVE TRACT

ESOPHAGUS
• 25 cm long
• Lies in mediastinum
• Ant. to vertebrae
• Post. to trachea
• Transport food from pharynx
To stomach

R E G U L AT E M O V E M E N T O F M AT E R I A L
INTO AND OUT OF ESOPHAGUS:

• UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

• LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
DIGESTIVE TRACT

STOMACH
• enlarged segment of GI tract
• rugae – to expand
• left superior part of abdomen
• storage + mixing chamber
• Stomach Acid (HCl)
• Chyme
• Propulsion: Peristalsis
• Start of protein digestion (pepsin)

Surface mucus cells = mucus

Mucus neck cells = mucus
Pariental cells = hydrochloric acid
Chief cells = enzyme pepsinogen
Endocrine cells = hormones
DIGESTIVE TRACT

STOMACH MOVEMENTS
• Stomach filling
• Mixing of stomach contents
• Stomach emptying

GASTRIC EMPTYING TIME

3-4 hours
DIGESTIVE TRACT

SMALL INTESTINE
• 6 meters long
• Most digestion + absorption
• Duodenum = Chemical Digestion
• Jejunum = Nutrient Absorption
• ileum = Absorption of ADEK + B12
• Propulsion: Peristalsis
• Start of fat digestion
• Maltase + Lactase + Peptidase

Accessory Organs
• Liver = Bile = Emulsify fat
• Pancreas = Pancreatic Juice
Aqueous = neutralized pH
enzymes = Digestion of carbs, proteins + fats
DIGESTIVE TRACT

LARGE INTESTINE
• Water Absorption
• Houses good bacteria (Lactobacillus)
- 100 trillion good + bad bacteria
• Storage of Feces until defecation
• Propulsion: Mass Movement

Feces = Water + Solid substance +

microorganism + epithelial cells
Flatus = Bacterial by-product
A C C E S S O RY O R G A N S

LIVER
• Largest internal organ
• 2 major lobes + 2 minor lobes
• Metabolic and Regulatory roles
• Produces BILE (Main role)

BILE
• Bile salts
• Bile pigments
• Cholesterol
• Tr i g l y c e r i d e s
• Phospholipids
• Electrolytes
 A C C E S S O RY O R G A N S

PANCREAS
• Leaf-like structure
• Located within curvature of
duodenum
• Endocrine role: insulin
• Produces Pancreatic juice

aqueous = neutralized pH
enzymes = digestion of carbs, proteins + fats
• P. amylase
• P. lipase
• Trypsin
C A RPBROO
FAT
HTYED
SI N
RSAT E S
Salivary Gland
Pancreas
Small intestine

Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine

Pancreas
GASTRIC EMPTYING TIME: 3-4 HOURS
SMALL BOWEL TRANSIT: 2-6 HOURS
LARGE BOWEL TRANSIT: 10-59 HOURS

DIGESTION RATE DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU EAT.

MEAT & FISH MAY TAKE 2 DAYS TO FULLY DIGEST

“A healthy outside, starts from the inside.”

Reference:
Text
• Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition
- Vanputte , Regan & Ruso
• Essentials of Huma Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
- Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller

Images
• Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition
- Vanputte , Regan & Ruso
• Essentials of Huma Anatomy & Physiology, 12th Edition
- Elaine N. Marieb & Suzanne M. Keller
• Google

Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIoTRGfcMqM