Module 3:

Rocks and Minerals

Important to the Society

by: Joey Lartec

Imagine walking down the street and
tripping over a piece of rock:
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You inspect the cause of your misfortune.

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It might be categorized as one of the THREE
kinds of rocks.
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But it might have not been of the same type a
thousand years ago.
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Like the avatar cycle, rocks also
‘reincarnates’…well kind of.
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“ ▫ Geologists have a saying – rocks
remember. ”
-Neil Armstrong
Astronaut and aeronautical engineer

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 Module 3:
Rocks and Minerals
Important to the Society
MELCs :
• Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
(S11/12ES-1c-6), and

• identify the minerals important to society (S11/12ES-1c-7).

by: Joey Lartec

IGNEOUS ROCKS:
“FORMED BY FIRE”
Igneous rock is formed when magma is exposed to an
environment where crystallization occurs.

Crystallization is the process of the formation and

growth of individual mineral crystals. The environment
where crystallization occurs determines the type of
igneous rock that will be formed.
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock formed from material that has erupted
through the crust onto the surface of Earth; usually
finely crystalline. Also called volcanic rock.

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A rock formed when magma solidifies within Earth’s
crust without erupting to the surface; usually medium to
coarsely crystalline. Also called plutonic rock.
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Sedimentary Rocks
Two Classifications
a. Clastic or Detrital sedimentary rocks are those that are formed by accumulation,
compaction and cementation of different solid particles that came from mechanical or chemical
weathering.

b. Chemical Sedimentary Rock- it mostly contains materials that are formed by

chemical precipitation of minerals as a direct result of physical processes or as an
indirect result of the life processes of water dwelling animals.
 Conglomerate
-contains mostly
pebble-size rounded
clasts.
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 Conglomerate
-contains mostly
pebble-size rounded
clasts.
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Metamorphic
Rocks
a. Foliated metamorphic rocks exhibit parallel alignment of the minerals. An
example is schist. These are platy, primarily composed of muscovite and biotite
and can be split into thin sheets.

b. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are produced when there is very little

deformation and when the parent rock has equidimensional crystals. An
example for this is marble that came from the sedimentary rock, limestone.
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Two important
factors in Rock
Metamorphism 18
What’s the Rock Cycle?
EARTH AS A SYSTEM:
THE ROCK CYCLE
Earth as a system is illustrated most vividly when we
examine the rock cycle. The rock cycle allows
us to see many of the interactions among the
numerous components and processes of the Earth
system.
It helps us understand the origins of igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and how they are
connected.
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No rock is
permanent
over geologic
time; instead,
all rocks
undergo
processes that
change them
from one of the
three rock
types to
another.

This
continuous
process is
called the
Rock Cycle. 22
 Atmosphere:
Rain and air

Biosphere:
Acids, Chemical, and
Decomposed organic matter

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Hydrosphere:
Bodies of Water

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Geosphere:
Earth’s Heat

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No rock is
permanent
over geologic
time; instead,
all rocks
undergo
processes that
change them
from one of the
three rock
types to
another.

This
continuous
process is
called the
Rock Cycle. 26