HEATING & COOLING

MADE BY: MINAHIL, ARSH, ESHMAL, SHAHBANO & ILSA

HEATING & COOLING:
BOTH HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING WORK ON THE PRINCIPLE
THAT HEAT ALWAYS MOVES FROM A WARM OBJECT TO A COOLER
ONE, JUST AS WATER FLOWS FROM A HIGHER TO A LOWER LEVEL.
FURNACES AND HEATERS PUT HEAT INTO THE AIR TO MAKE YOUR
HOME WARMER; AIR CONDITIONERS REMOVE HEAT TO MAKE YOUR
HOME COOLER. ALL HEATING AND COOLING UNITS BURN FUEL.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND
TEMPERATURE:
 THERMOMETER AND IT’S STRUCTURE:
• THE THERMOMETER IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT IS USED FOR MEASURING THE DEGREE OF HOTNESS OF A
BODY. FOR EXAMPLE: THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BODY.THERMOMETERS CONSIST OF THREE BASIC
ELEMENTS: SPIRIT-FILLED LIQUID, WHICH RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN HEAT AND COLD; A GLASS TUBE TO
HOUSE THE TEMPERATURE -MEASURING LIQUID; AND BLACK INK TO COLOR IN THE ENGRAVED SCALE
MARKS WITH READABLE NUMBERS. FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE A SENSITIVE THERMOMETER IS
NEEDED. A THERMOMETER WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS TEND TO
EXPAND WITH TEMPERATURE. WHEN A THERMOMETER LAMP IS IMMERSED IN A GIVEN
SOLUTION OR SUBSTANCE, MERCURY BEGINS TO RISE. THIS INCREASE IN MERCURY IS STUDIED
ON A TEMPERATURE SCALE. THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF THERMOMETERS BUT SOME COMMON
ARE CLINICAL THERMOMETER, LABORATORY THERMOMETER AND DIGITAL REMOTE
THERMOMETER.
 BOILING AND MELTING POINT:
• BOILING POINT:
• THE BOILING POINT IS DEFINED AS THE
TEMPERATURE AT WHICH A LIQUID’S SATURATED
VAPOUR PRESSURE EQUALS THE ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE SURROUNDING IT. THE BOILING POINT
FOR ANY MATERIAL IS THE TEMPERATURE POINT AT
WHICH THE MATERIAL TRANSFORMS INTO THE GAS
PHASE IN THE LIQUID PHASE. THIS HAPPENS AT 100
DEGREES CENTIGRADE FOR WATER.

• MELTING POINT:
• THE MELTING POINT (OR, RARELY, LIQUEFACTION
POINT) OF A SUBSTANCE IS THE TEMPERATURE AT
WHICH IT CHANGES STATE FROM SOLID TO
LIQUID. AT THE MELTING POINT THE SOLID AND
LIQUID PHASE EXIST IN EQUILIBRIUM.
 CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS:
• CONDUCTORS:
• A MATERIAL OR DEVICE THAT CONDUCTS OR TRANSMITS HEAT
OR ELECTRICITY, ESPECIALLY WHEN REGARDED IN TERMS OF ITS
CAPACITY.
• EXAMPLES:
• SILVER, COPPER, ALUMINIUM, STEEL.

• INSULATORS:
• A THERMAL INSULATOR IS A MATERIAL THAT DOESN’T
ALLOW THE HEAT OR ELECTRICITY THROUGH THEM EASILY.
• EXAMPLES:
• RUBBER, PLASTIC, GLASS, WOOD.
 THERMAL EXPANSION:
• THERMAL EXPANSION IS THE TENDENCY OF MATTER TO CHANGE
ITS SHAPE, AREA, VOLUME, AND DENSITY IN RESPONSE TO A
CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE, USUALLY NOT INCLUDING PHASE
TRANSITIONS.

THERMAL EXPANSION IN
DIFFERENT STATES

 
 COOLING BY EVAPORATION:
• EVAPORATION IS A CHANGE OF STATE OF A LIQUID TO A GAS THAT CAN HAPPEN
AT ANY TEMPERATURE FROM THE SURFACE F A LIQUID. IT OCCURS WHEN MORE
ENERGETIC MOLECULES NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID HAVE ENOUGH
ENERGY TO ESCAPE.

WHEN THIS HAPPENS ENERGY IS LOST FROM THE

LIQUID. THE AVERAGE ENERGY OF THE REMAINING

LIQUID MOLECULES DECREASES, THIS MEANS THAT

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE REMAINING LIQUID WILL
ALSO DECREASE.
THE END