BIOMOLECUL

ES
Naturally occurring chemical
compounds that are necessary for the
existence of life.
They are arrange from smaller and
simpler molecules, called subunits,
until they form more complex
structure called a macromolecule.
Function as building materials
in a living system.
4 important biological
MACROMOLECULES:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic
Acid, Proteins
ELEMENT PERCENTAG
E
H 63.0%
O 25.5%
C 9.5%
N 1.4%
CARBOHYDRATES
The most abundant biomolecule
on Earth.
Living organisms use
carbohydrates as accessible energy
to fuel cellular reactions and for
structural support inside the cell
wall.
Complex carbohydrates called
polysaccharides are made up of
monosaccharides.
MONOSACCHARIDES consist of a
carbon chain of three or more carbon
atoms containing hydroxyl group
attached to every atom.
Molecularformula - , where n equals
the number of carbon atoms and
must be greater than or equal to
three.
Example: GLUCOSE or dextrose,
FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE – (),
but structurally different
DISACCHARIDE
S – formed from
two monosaccharides

Example:
SUCROSE,
LACTOSE,
MALTOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES – a large
molecule made up of many smaller
monosaccharides.
– a large sugar polymer that is
also called glycan
Examples: STARCH,
CELLULOSE, GLYCOGEN
LIPIDS
Large biomolecules that
contains large hydrophobic
structures that are commonly
not soluble in water because of
lack of polarity necessary for
solubility in water-based
solutions.
Storage of energy and
building material for cell
membranes.
Synonyms to fats.
Building blocks: FATTY
ACIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS are
major components of
plasma membrane, the
outermost layer of
animal cells.

Composed of fatty acid

chains attached to a
glycerol backbone
NUCLEIC
ACID
Storage and transfer cellular
information in all living organism.
BUILDING BLOCKS:
NUCLEOTIDES - composed of
heterocyclic base, a pentose unit
(ribose or deoxyribose) and a
phosphate group
Heterocyclic base can
have either a PURINE
(adenine, guanine) or
a PYRIMIDINE
(uracil, cytosine,
thymine)
These nucleotides are associated as
the monomeric units of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that
stores hereditary information in
small segments called genes and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) that
delivers gene information from
DNA to create functional products.
DNA – a double-stranded long
chain of unbranched polymer
composed of four types of bases.
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine
(G), and Thymine (T)
A-T and C-G pairings are followed
Carries all genetic information of an
individual
RNA – a single-stranded long chain
of unbranched polymer composed
of four types of subunits.
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C),
and Guanine (G)
A-U and C-G pairings are followed
Adenosine triphosphate- (ATP)
– commonly referred to as the
energy currency of the cell.
– it provides chemical energy
needed in metabolism that is
released during the transfer of
phosphate group.
– during metabolism, ATP is
hydrolized (react with water) to break
down the bond between adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine diphosphate – organic
substance involved in the release of
energy in metabolic reaction and a
phosphate group
PROTEINS
Most diverse biomolecules,
performing many functions
Structural support (collagen),
movement (muscle), defense
(antibody), catalyst in a reaction
(enzyme), and transport.
Generally contains C, H, N and O
BUILDING BLOCKS:
AMINO ACID – bi-functional
compounds containing both
carboxylic group (-COOH) and a
basic group (-N), attached to a
carbon atom
Function of protein depends on its
three-dimensional orientation
Three-
dimensional
structure
determined by
its component
amino acid
sequence.
Primary Structure – composed of
a linear amino acid sequence.
Secondary Structure – coiled or
folded amino acid sequence, which
can either an α-helix or β-pleated
sheet.
Tertiary Structure – three-
dimensional structure.
Quaternary Structure – contains
several polypeptide chains. Forms
macromolecules with multiple
subunits such as hemoglobin that
has the ability to transport oxygen to
different parts of the body.