Unit 1.1 & 1.2 AP Intro 2019

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
DNMS 4014
SEMESTER 1
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UNIT 1.1
Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology

CONTENT
• Definition
• Level of structural organization and body
systems
• Characteristic of life
• Homeostasis: maintaining limits

Learning Outcome (TLO)
At the end of the session, students will be able to:
1.define anatomy and physiology
2.describe the structural organization of human body
3.define body systems and how they relate to one another
4.state the characteristic of life
5.define homeostasis
6.explain negative and positive feedback mechanisms

Definition
• Anatomy: scientific discipline that

investigates the body’s structure
• Physiology: scientific investigation of the

processes or functions of living things
1-5
Topics of Anatomy
• Gross /macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
– Regional: studied area by area
– Systemic: studied system by system
– Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
– Cytology: cellular anatomy
– Histology: study of tissues
1-6
Anatomy dan physiology adalah
berkaitan kerana struktur badan
tubuh manusia akan memberi kesan
terhadap fungsinya…. Fungsinya
pula akan mempengaruhi sruktur.

Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Considers operations of specific organ
systems
– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system
– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels
1-8
Subjects That Encompass Both
Anatomy and Physiology
• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused
by exercise
• Histopathology (HPE)
1-9
LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
• The human body consist of 6 levels of
structural organization within the body.
• From simplest to complex

Organismal
↑
System
↑
Organ
↑
Tissue
↑
Cellular
↑
Chemical Figure 1.1 The levels of structural complexity.
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Copyright © Elsevier Ltd C.A.R.E.
2005. & Love
All rights reserved.
Chemical level
• Atoms combine to form molecules
• These biological molecules form various
structure, properties and functions of the
body

Cellular level
• Molecules combine to form cell, the next
level
• Cells are basic structural and functional
units of an organism  smallest living units
in the human body.

Tissue level
• A groups of cells which are similar
structures and functions found together,
forming tissue.
• To perform particular function

Organ level
• 2 or more different types
of tissue made up an
organ
• Organs usually have
recognizable shapes, size,
location and specific
functions.
• Eg:

System level
• Group of organs
functioning together to
form a system.
• There are 11 systems
within the human body.
• Eg.:

Organ
System

Organismal level
• Body system work together to maintain
health, protect against disease and allow for
reproduction.
• The human organism is a collection of

structurally and functionally integrated
systems
Activity 1

Basic Life Processes
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction

Metabolism
• Is the sum of all chemical process that happens in the body
• One phase is Catabolism: throwing down food or the
breaking down of complex chemical substances into
simpler components
• The other phase is anabolism: building of smaller
component of complex chemical substances.
• An example of this is the digestive track catabolize (split)
food into amino acid then theses amino acids are
anabolizing (build) new proteins that make up the body
structure

Intake: oxygen
Figure 1.10 The respiratory system.

Copyright © Elsevier Ltd 2005. All rights reserved.

Intake: diet
Figure 1.12 The digestive system.


Output: urine
Figure 1.13 The urinary system.


Responsiveness
• Is Body’s ability to detect and respond to
changes
• For example, when you turn your head
toward a sound or when temperature
increases because of something is going on
internally.

Communication with external
environment
Figure 1.9 Combined use of the special senses: vision, hearing, smell and taste.

Internal communication
Figure 1.8 The nervous system.


Movement
• Motion of the whole-body including organs, single
cells and even tiny structures inside the cell.
• For ex. When you eat meal containing fat,
gallbladder contracts and releases bile into GI tract
to help digest them.
• Another example is when white blood cell moves
from the blood
• stream to an affected are to help with clean up and
repair.

Movement
Figure 1.14 The skeletal muscles.


Growth
• Is the increase in body size that results from
an increase in size of existing cells, increase
in number of cells or both.

Differentiation
• Is the development of a cell from an
unspecialized to a specialized state.
• Stem cells: cells that can divide and give
rise to cell that can undergo this process.
• For example: single fertilized egg (ovum)
develops into an embryo and so on.

Blood
Figure 1.5 Blood cells after staining in the laboratory viewed through a microscope.

Transport system – circulatory system,
lymphatic system
Figure 1.6 The circulatory system.


Reproduction
• Refers to either the formation of new cells
for tissue growth, repair and replacement or
the production of new individuals.
• Formation happens through cell division
and production happen through the
fertilization of an ovum by a sperm cell to
form a zygote.

Reproduction
Figure 1.15 The reproductive systems: male and female.


Characteristic of Life
• Intake of raw material; eliminate waste product –
respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal system
– Intake: oxygen - respiratory, diet (metabolism)
– Output: carbon dioxide, urine, feces

Characteristic of Life
• Protection & survival
– Protection against external environment - skin
– Movement - musculoskeletal system
– Growth : increase in size and/or number of cells
– Reproduction - new cells or new organisms &
Differentiation - change from general to
specific

HOMEO STASIS

HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeo sameness stasis standing still
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a

relatively constant environment within the
body
• Internal body remains steady despite
changes inside and outside the body

HOMEOSTASIS (cont.)
• Examples of physiological variables
– Body temperature
– Blood pressure
– Blood glucose level
– Oxygen & Carbon dioxide level in the blood or
tissue
– Water & electrolytes concentration

HOMEOSTASIS (cont.)
• Homeostasis is maintained by a control system
– Detect and respond to changes in the body.
• It is named as feedback mechanisms
• This control system greatly involved:

– Nervous system
– Endocrine system

Components of feedback mechanism
• 3 basic components in homeostatic

control system:
– Receptor/detector
– Control center
– Effector

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPyK1OXZNzo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zXYu_0q6ZQ
Feedback Mechanisms
– Detector
• monitors changes in a controlled condition
• sends input (nerve impulses/chemical signals) to a control center.
– Control center
• sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be
maintained
• evaluates the input it receives from the receptors
• generates output commands when they are needed.
– Effector
• receives output from the control center
• produces a response/effect that changes the controlled condition.

Feedback Mechanisms
• Two types: negative and positive
- +
negative feedback mechanisms
• a response reverses the positive feedback
original stimulus mechanism
• a response enhances
the original stimulus

Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• A negative feedback system reverses a change in a
controlled condition.
• Example:
Homeostasis of Blood Pressure (BP):
The activity of the effector produces a result, a drop in
blood pressure, that opposes the stimulus, an increase
in blood pressure.

Eg: Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure = force of blood on walls of
vessels
Detector Pressure receptors in walls of
certain arteries detect an increase in BP
Control centre Brain receives input and
then signals heart and blood vessels
Effector Heart rate slows and
arterioles dilate(increase in diameter)
BP returns to normal
Eg: Homeostasis of body temperature
Figure 1.4 Example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism: control of body temperature.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
• The positive feedback system reinforces a

change in a controlled condition.
• Example:
– Normal childbirth provides a good example of a
positive feedback system.

Eg: Positive Feedback during Childbirth
• Detector Stretch receptors in
walls of the uterus send signals
(input) to the brain
• Control centre Brain releases a
hormone (oxytocin) into
bloodstream
• Effector Uterine smooth muscle
contracts more forcefully (output)
• More stretch  more hormone 
more contraction  etc.
• The cycle ends with birth of the
baby & decrease in stretch
Components of
Feedback Loop
• Questions?
Homeostatic Imbalances
• Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death.
• Disorder is a general term for any derangement of
abnormality of function.
• Disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized
by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
– A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited
region of the body.
– A systemic disease affects either the entire body or
several parts.

Homeostatic Imbalances (cont.)
• Disease is a more specific term for an illness
characterized by a recognizable set of signs and
symptoms.
– Signs are objective changes that a clinician can
observe and measure; e.g., fever or rash.
– Symptoms are subjective changes in body
functions that are not apparent to an observer;
e.g., headache or nausea.

Homeostatic Imbalances (cont.)
• Diagnosis is :
– the art of distinguishing one disease from
another or,
– determining the nature of a disease;
– a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the
taking of:
• a medical history and
• the administration of a physical examination.

Take home assignment
• Prepare a table on
– The Organ Systems of the Body
System Components Functions

Take Home Assignment
Review question
1. What is the basic difference between
negative and positive feedback systems?
2. What would happen to the heart rate when
some stimulus caused blood pressure to
drop? Would this occur by positive or
negative feedback?

Closure
1. define anatomy and physiology
2. describe the structural organization of human body
3. define body systems and how they relate to one
another
4. state the characteristic of life
5. define homeostasis
6. Explain negative and positive feedback
mechanisms


Unit 1.1 & 1.2 AP Intro 2019

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

• Anatomy: scientific discipline that

• Physiology: scientific investigation of the

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

• The human organism is a collection of

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Wholeheartedly, We C.A.R.E. & Love

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Figure 1.10 The respiratory system.

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Figure 1.12 The digestive system.

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Figure 1.13 The urinary system.

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Figure 1.8 The nervous system.

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Figure 1.14 The skeletal muscles.

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Figure 1.6 The circulatory system.

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Figure 1.15 The reproductive systems: male and female.

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– Intake: oxygen - respiratory, diet (metabolism)

– Output: carbon dioxide, urine, feces

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• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a

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• It is named as feedback mechanisms

• This control system greatly involved:

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• 3 basic components in homeostatic

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• The positive feedback system reinforces a

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System Components Functions

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