CARCINOMA

group 8
LESIAMITO NAOMI-HSM221-0615/2021
WAFULA CHRISTINE-HSM221-0680/2021
KEVIN GICHABA-HSM221-0151/2021
MAIGO VILMA-HSM221-0684/2021
WENDY SEDA -HSM221-0731/2021
HOPE MAINA-HSM221-0737/2021
Definition

 It is cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the
lungs,including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer.
 It is a malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus
or bronchile.
TYPES
 Non- small cell lung cancer (Adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, large
cell carcinoma)
 small cell lung carcinoma
CLINICAL FEATURES
 Early symptoms:can be so mild that their symptoms aren’t noticeable until the cancer spreads.
 Persistent or worsening cough
 Wheezing
 Coughing up blood and mucus
 Chest pain that gets worse when you take a deep breath,laugh or cough
 Shortness of breath
 Hoarseness
 Weakness and fatigue
 Frequent or persistent attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia
SYMPTOMS THAT IT HAS SPREAD

Hip or back pain

Headache ,dizziness or seizures
 Numbness
 Yellowing of the eyes and skin(jaundice)
 enlarged lymph nodes
 Unexplanied pain on an arm or leg
 Weight loss
DIAGNOSIS

 Imaging tests:X-rays of the chest can help detect an abnormal mass or nodule;CT-
scan of the chest can show small lesions in the lung that an X-ray might miss.
 Sputum cytology:Samples of mucus are collected after you cough and then
examined under a microscope for evidence of cancer.
 Biopsy:a sample tissue is taken from the suspicious area of your lungs and the
sample will be examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are
present.
 Screening:done to look for signs of disease in patients who are considered to be at
advanced risk.
 Blood tests:If cancer is detected,it is staged from 1 to 4 depending on how far it’s
spread.
MODALITY OF CHOICE FOR
TREATMENT
 Surgery:if you have small section of lung,plus a margin around it can be removed.If whole lobe of
one lung is removed,it’s called lobectomy.Pneumonectomy is the surgery to remove entire lung.
 Chemotherapy:chemotharapy drugs are given intravenously or orally and can destroy cancer cells
through out the body.Sometimes is used to shrink tumors before surgery.
 Radiation:uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells in a speciffic area of the body.
 Radiosurgery:is a more intense type of radiation treatment that takes fewer sessions.
 Targeted drugs:they work only for a certain genetic mutations or specific type of lung cancer.
 Immunotherapy drugs:help your body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer cells.
 Supportive care/palliative care:ease symptoms of lung cancer as well as side effects of treatment.It
is used to improve overall quality of life.
PHYSIOTHERAPY APPROACH

Pulmonary rehabilitation
Breathing exercises
Upper body stretching exercises to increase lung activity
Strengthening exercises
Aerobic exercises