Control Valves

Contents

 Introduction
 Types and components of Control Valves
 Control Valve Theory
 Accessories – Actuators, Positioners,
Regulator

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 Control Valve
 ISA Definition - A power operated device
forming the final element in a process
control system. It consists of a body
assembly containing internal means for
changing the flow rate of the process
system. The body is linked to an actuator
which responds to a signal transmitted from
a controlling element.
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Function of a Control Valve

The control valve is involved with the disposition

of energy in a process.

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Flow Through a Restriction

Vena Contracta:
Point downstream of
the restriction where


the process is at the

Highest Velocity and
Lowest Pressure

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 Control Valve Applications
 Flow Control
 Pressure Control
 Level Control
 Temperature Control
 Pump Recycle / Compressor Kickback
 Split Range Control
 Depressure
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 Control Valves
 Types of Control Valves:
 - Reciprocating
 - Rotary
 Application Types:
 - General Service valves
 - Severe Service Valves
 Accessories
 - Actuators, Positioners
 - I/P Transducers, E/P Transducers 7
 Components of a Control
Valve
 Packing
 Bonnet
 Body
 Stem
 Guide Bushing
 Retainer or Cage
 Plug
 Seat Ring
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 Control Valve Theory
Incompressible,
Non-Vaporizing Turbulent Flow
Bernoulli’s Equation
V2 P
  gZ  Constant
2 gC 

Continuity Equation
 1 A1V 1   2 A2V 2 9
 Non-Vaporizing Liquid
Without Reducer Correction
Gf
Cv  q
P1  P2

P1  P2
q  Cv
Gf
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 Control Valve Theory

CV - Valve Flow Coefficient

The number of U.S. gallons of water at

60° F which will pass through a given

flow restriction with a pressure drop of 1

PSI in one minute. 11

 Control Valve Process Data

 To size a control valve we need

– flow
– pressure drop
– line size
– fluid properties

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 Control Valve Characteristic
 Flow Characteristic of a control valve is the
relationship between Percent of Rated Cv and
Percent of Valve Travel.
 (This is accomplished by machining the internal
trim components of the valve to give the correct
Characterization.)

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 Inherent Flow
Characteristics
120

 Linear
100

80
 Equal %
LINEAR
 Quick
% CV

60 EQUAL PERCENTAGE

Opening
QUICK OPENING

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% TRAVEL
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Components of a Control Valve
Cv and Characterization
 In Post Guided and
Rotary Control Valves
the Plug, Disc, or Ball
Characterizes the Flow.

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 Reciprocating Control
Valves
 Top Guided
 Cage Guided
 Double Port
 Three Way
 Angle

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 Reciprocating Type
Top Guided
 Top guided control
valves use a
contoured plug for
controlling the flow
of the process fluid.
In this type of
control valve the
plug is guided by
bushings around the
stem or post.
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 Reciprocating Type
Top Guided
Advantages
 Simple, Open Flow Path
 Rugged, Top Guiding
 Guide Area Removed
from Flow Path.
 Threaded or Quick
Change Trim.
 Class IV, V, VI Shut Off.
 Wide Selection of Trims
– Full Area, Red., Anti-Cav
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 Reciprocating Type
Cage Guided
 Cage guided valves
use an internal cage
Seal Ring
to provide alignment
of the plug. Plug
 The ports in the cage
Cage
also characterize the
flow instead of the
plug as in a top
guided valve.

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 Reciprocating Type
Three Way
Three way valves are
used to divert or
Plug combine process fluids.
They have a double plug
Skirts design that throttles
between two seats.
Skirts on the side of the
Seat Ring plug serve to guide the
plug.
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 Reciprocating Type
Angle
Angle valves have
similar features of Top
guided and Cage
guided valves.
They are distinguished
by having a flow path
that flows at a right
angle.

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Rotary Control Valves
Butterfly
– Butterfly
Valves are used
for a variety
applications
with high flow
rates and low
delta P’s.

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 Rotary Control Valves
Ball

 The spherical plug of the ball valve lends itself not only to precise control
of the flow through the valve body but also to tight shutoff. Thus the ball
valve may assume the double role of control and block valve. Special
materials used for valve seats help achieve these functions. The Ball
Valves tight shutoff characteristics correspond to ANSI Class IV and VI. 23
 Control Valve Hierarchy

Globe

Butterfly

1
Ball
Severe Service24
 Cavitation

Cavitation: Downstream of the vena contracta the pressure rises. When

vapor pressure is reached, the vapor bubbles implode, releasing microjets
that will damage any metallic surface in the area.
 What is Flashing?

 Flashing occurs when the downstream

pressure of a control valve is less than the
upstream vapor pressure, part of the liquid
changes to a vapor and remains in a vapor
state.

 Flashing is defined by the liquid vapor

pressure and downstream pressure and is
not something that can be prevented. 26
 Actuators

1. Spring and Diaphragm

2. Pneumatic Piston
3. Electric Motor
4. Electro-Hydraulic
 Pneumatic single spring
diaphragm actuator

 Air Inlet
 Diaphragm
 Actuator Case
 Diaphragm Plate
 Stem
 Spring
 Spring Seat
 Yoke
 Travel Scale

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Pneumatic single spring
diaphragm actuator

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30
 What is Positioner ?

• A positioner is a valve mount device that

proportionally and accurately positions a
control valve over the control signal span.
• Positioners must be valve mounted.

• Valve Positioner will decrease the valve’s

Hysteresis & Deadband, Repeatability and
increases sensitivity to the control signal. 31
 Positioners

• Input Signal is generally a pneumatic or electric

impulse sent from a controller to the final control
element.

• Valve Positioners come in two basic types:

- Pneumatic (air input, 3-15 psi)
- Electro-Pneumatic (current input, 4-20 mA)
*** Smart (HART Protocol, Fieldbus) ***
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Regulator

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Regulator

 Regulation of steam, gas, air, and liquids.

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 Any Question ?

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