What are the

parts of circle?

How to get the radius, diameter, and cord of a

circle?
 “Wika
Rambulan!”
Example: Is That This
Sticks – Statistics
Pop Fuel Lay Show On Sent Sew Is
Run Doe Am Call Like Shall On
Hour Bear Wage An All List See Is
Sum Am Fall Press Scent Tie Shown
The A Ta In Tire Pre At
7
Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Week 1
Real-life Problems That Can Be
Solved by Statistics and
Formulating Simple
Statistical Instruments
Module Goals

 Give the importance of the study of statistics.

 Identify the steps on how to make a study.
 Define statistics, sample, and population.
 Compare and contrast population from a sample
 Identify the population and possible samples in a
problem.
 Identify real -life problems that can be solved by
statistics.
 What is Statistics?
Statistics: The science of collecting, describing, and
interpreting data.
•Statistics is a branch mathematics that deals with the
collection, classification, description, and interpretation
of data obtained by the conduct of surveys and
experiments.
• Its fundamental purpose is to describe and draw
inferences about the numerical properties of a
population.
• Statistics is a reliable means of describing
accurately the values of economic, political,
social, psychological, biological, and physical
data. Statistics serves as a tool to correlate and
analyze collected data. It is no longer confined
to gathering and tabulating data. Now, it is
also a process of interpreting the information
that serves as a basis for preparing plans.
Example: A recent study examined the math and verbal SAT
scores of high school seniors across the country. Which of
the following statements are descriptive in nature and
which are inferential.
• The mean math SAT score was 492.
• The mean verbal SAT score was 475.
• Students in the Northeast scored higher in math but lower
in verbal.
• 80% of all students taking the exam were headed for
college.
• 32% of the students scored above 610 on the verbal SAT.
• The math SAT scores are higher than they were 10 years
ago.
“Case Problem"
Suppose you were asked to make a study on the brand
preferences and satisfaction of consumers of famous
laundry soap in four different supermarkets. How will
you do the study?
Instructions: Arrange the letters of the following steps
to statistical inquiry in a logical way:
a.Collecting relevant information
b.Defining a problem
c.Interpreting the data
d.Analyzing the data
e.Organizing and presenting the data
• Two important terms that you should understand in studying statistics
are population and sample.
• In statistics, population does not only mean a group of people.
Population may also mean a defined group or aggregates of objects,
animals, materials, measurements, “things”, “events” or “happenings” of
any kind. Thus, a sack of rice, a whole pizza pie, or a set of weights and
heights are considered population. Since it would be impractical to study
the whole population as in the case of a sack of rice, then it is necessary
to just take a sample of the population. Thus, a handful of rice is a sample
of the population in a sack of rice. Thus, sample is defined as any
subgroup of the population drawn by some appropriate method from the
population. It should be a representative of the population, that is, the
sample will show the properties of the population.
Introduction to Basic Terms
Population: A collection, or set, of individuals or
objects or events whose properties are to be
analyzed.

Sample:
Key Statistical Concepts
Population
— a population is the group of all items of
interest to a statistics practitioner.
— frequently very large; sometimes infinite.
Two kinds of populations: finite or infinite.
Example: All 2 million Quezon City
voters, per Example 12.5
Key Statistical Concepts
Sample
— A sample is a set of data drawn from the
population.
— Potentially very large, but less than the
population.
----A subset of the population.
Example: A sample of 765 voters
exit polled on Election Day
Key Statistical Concepts

Parameter
— A descriptive measure of a population.
Key Statistical Concepts

Statistic
— A descriptive measure of a sample.
IMPORTANCE
OF STATISTICS
 Dispersion
 Assessment on student’s performance
 Imports and exports
 Law of Supply and Demand
 Location of business
 Planning for educational design and
curriculum
 Production planning
 Estimation on the number of depositors
 Quality Products
 Precision in describing results on
measurements
 Cash Flow
 Estimation of values
 Interest Rates
 Inflation Rate
 Policy planning for school system
a.Give the uses of Statistics in real life.
Explain.
b.Write 5 problems in real life that
shows the application of Statistics
using the idea of population and
sample. Underline the population
once and twice the sample.
a.Explain statistics, sample, and
population.
b.Give the importance of statistics
c.Enumerate and explain the steps in how
to do a study.
 Suppose you were asked to make a study on the br
preferences and satisfaction of consumers of fam
laundry soap in four different supermarkets. How will
do the study?
Instructions: Arrange the letters of the following step
statistical inquiry in a logical way:
a.Collecting relevant information
b.Defining a problem
c.Interpreting the data
d.Analyzing the data
e.Organizing and presenting the data
 Identify the population and sample in the following
problem.
1. A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new
drug to relieve the symptoms of hypertensions. He
administers the drug to 100 adults.
P - _____________________
S - _____________________
2. Teacher Arlyn wants to know the common height of the
Grade 7 students in the school. She interviews only 100
grade 7 students. 
P - _____________________
S - _____________________
Make a scenario inside the
classroom where the population
and sample will be presented.
Identify the words or phrases that represent the
population and sample. Underline the population
once and twice the sample.
1.When Lola Flora buys a cavan of rice for her
carinderia, she examines only a handful of rice
from the cavan to find out whether it is of good
quality or not.
2. When Chef Boy wants to know the taste of the
food he is preparing, he takes a spoonful of the
food.
Fill in the blanks. Explain the importance of
Statistics by completing the statement
below.
a.In weather forecast, statistics help us
__________________________________
____________.
b. In predicting diseases, statistics helps
you_______________________________
__________________
 “Data Data”.
(In a tune of Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star)
Data, Data What are you?
We COLLECT you, oh it’s true.
ANALYZE you that’s my plan
INTERPRET to understand
Data, Data what are you?
I’ll PRESENT you right on cue
a.With a classmate, do the following:
 Record the number of siblings of each of
your classmates
 List down the type of cellphone used by your
classmates
(Note: Remind the learners to follow the health
and safety protocols)
 Two areas of statistics:
• Descriptive Statistics: consists of methods concerned
with collecting, organizing, summarizing and presenting
a set of data so as to yield meaningful information.
• Inferential Statistics: comprises methods concerned
with making predictions or inferences about an entire
population, based on the information provided by a
given sample.
•A Statistical question is one
that can be answered by
collecting data that vary
(i.e., not all the data values
are the same).
Two types of data:
•In a numeral data set, value in the set is a
number.
•Categorical data sets can be taken on non-
numerical values, such as names of colors,
labels , etc. ( large, medium, or small).
Statistics is about using data to answer
questions.
There are 4 steps that will summarize the work
with data.
Step 1: Pose a question that can be answered by data.
Step 2: Determine a plan to collect data.
Step 3: Summarize the data.
Step 4: Interpret the results and answer the question
posed in Step 1 using the data and summaries.
 Example of Statistical Questions
What do 7 graders prefer to eat for
th

lunch?
What time did the learners in this
class get up this morning?
What is the typical number of pets
owned by learners in my class?
Example of Non- Statistical Questions
What did Roberto eat for lunch?
Did you get up on time this morning?
How many brothers does Martha have?
A statistical question is a question that should have different
answers.
How to recognize a statistical question?
A question is not a statistical question if it has an exact
answer.
Example: How old are you?
A question is a statistical question if the answer is a percent,
range, or an average.
Example: How old are the learners in this room?
 3 TYPES OF STATISTICAL QUESTIONS
1.Summarizing question: How many hours
per month do learners in the Mathematics
SPA (A) class spend studying?
2.Comparing question: Do the learners in
Mathematics SPA (A) class spend more time
at sports than they do studying?
3.Relationship question:Do learners who
spend more playing sports do better in
exam?
Determine if the question posed is a statistical question
(yes) or not (no).
 
1) How many cars are in each driveway on your street?
2) How many people think Elvis is the best singer?
3) How many boxes of candy did each student sell?
4) How many cities had more than 2" of snow?
5) How many girls are in your class?
Statistical Instruments
(devices used by researches to
gather data)
Example :Questionnaire is a
device used by researchers to
gather data from a set of
population sample.
Researcher -completed instruments a
statistical instruments specifically filled by a
researcher
Example :Rating scales, interview
schedules/guides, tally sheets, flowcharts,
performance checklists, time -and -motion
logs and observation forms , are some
examples of researcher- completed
instruments which are to be filled by the
researcher. 
Subject- completed instruments( statistical
instruments which are to be filled by the subject
of the study or the ones being studied.
Example: Questionnaires, self- checklists,
attitude scales, personality inventories,
achievement/ aptitude tests, projective devices
and sociometric devices are some examples of
subject- completed instruments which are to be
filled by the subject of the study or the ones
being studied.
 Basic Uses of Statistics in our Daily Life
Government (the importance of statistics in government is utilized by
making judgements about health , populations, education and much
more).
Weather Forecast (the computer use in weather forecasting is based on
the set of Statistics functions).
Emergency Preparedness( with the help of statistics, we can predict any
natural disaster that may happen shortly).
Political Campaigns ( Statistics helps politicians to have an idea about how
many chances they have to win an election in a particular area).
Sports ( are utilizing the statistics data to make the sports more
effective).
Research( Statistics can be applied in data analysis, explanation,
interpretation and presentation)
Education( Teachers can calculate the average of students’
marks and employ new techniques that can help the students
improve their grades).
Prediction( doctors, engineers, artistsand practitioners all use
statistics to make predictions about future event)
There are many basic uses of statistics such as in ( quality
testing, insurance , consumer goods , financial market, business
statistics, computer science, robotics and many more.)
 _______ 1. Veterinary doctors marked 30 deer and A. Most men enjoy sandals.
released them. Later on, they counted 150 deer, 12 of
which had marks. To the nearest whole number, what is
the best estimate for the deer population?  
_______ 2. Gregory collected two random samples of A. 375
100 Woman regarding woman’s color bag preference for
his new bag business. Make an inference from the data.
People Sample Red Bag Black Bag Blue Bag  
Total #1 34 50 16 100 #2 24 54 22 100
_______ 3. Herald is keeping track of eagles. To do so, A. Most people prefer black bags.
he put tags on 25 eagles and released them. Later, he
catches 120 eagles; 16 eagles were tagged. Find the best
estimate for the Eagle population?  
_______ 4. Jenny owns a footwear business. She wants D. 188
to expand her business, so she collected two random
samples of 100 men regarding men’s footwear
preference? Make an inference based on this data.
Student Sample shoes slippers sandals Total

#1) 20 20 60 100 #2 )25 25 50 100

DATA COLLECTION

What is Data?
Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements,
observations or even just descriptions of things
Data is all around us. But what exactly is it?
Data is a value assigned to a thing.

Color, Shape, Number,

Condition, Size

QUALITATIVE DATA : is everything that refers to

the quality of something: A description of colours,
texture and feel of an object, a description of
experiences, and interviews are all qualitative data.

QUANTITATIVE DATA : is data that refers to a

number. E.g. the number of golf balls, the size,
the price, a score on a test etc
Categorical Data : puts the item you are describing into a
category: For example, the condition “used” would be
categorical and also categories such as “new”, “used”,
”broken” etc

Discrete Data : is numerical data that has gaps in it: e.g.

the count of golf balls. There can only be whole numbers
of golf ball (there is no such thing as 0.3 golf balls).

Continuous Data : is numerical data with a continuous

range: e.g. size of the golf balls can be any value (e.q.
10.53mm or 10.54mm but also 10.536mm). In continuous
data, all values are possible with no gaps in between.
Primary Data
Secondary Data
 From Data to Information to Knowledge
Data, when collected and structured becomes more useful and meaningful.

Color White

Category Sport - golf

Condition Used

Diameter 43 mm

Price (per ball) RM2.00

 PhD

WISDOM
MSc

KNOWLEDGE
BSc

INFORMATION

DATA
 LINEAR MODEL FOR RESEARCH PROCESS
Testing validity

Intrepetation

Data Collection

Sampling

Operationalization

Hypothesis

Theory
 Data Collection
Techniques 
Observations,
Tests,
Surveys,
Document analysis
Experiments
 Basic Issues
• Main questions:
* Study objectives?
* What is being investigated?
* Attributes & variables involved?
* Variable measurement?
* Method of data collection?
• Main problems with data:
* Sufficient amount but irrelevant
* Relevant but insufficient
* Too much data, some useless
• Implications:
* Waste of resources
* Loose analysis
* Non-fulfilling objectives
* Unresolved research questions
* Lack of quality thesis
Determining Data
• Research issue, objectives, hypotheses?
* Maintaining the “thesis”
* What are involved in maintaining your idea, testing
hypotheses, etc.
* What “answers” to be required
• In what way research issue is to be operationalised?
* What cause-and-effect phenomenon to be explained?
* What variables are involved?
* What data required for the variables?
* How to measure them?
• Types of data
* Primary
* Secondary
* others
Principles of Data Collection
• Understanding and knowing what types of data required
• Collect only relevant data
• Determine methods of data collection
* Survey/questionnaire
* Observation, participatory
* Standard instruments
* Content analysis, etc
• Where, who, how, and when to collect
* Research design
* Sampling procedure
* Prepare field work schedule/data plan
* Conduct preliminary investigation
• Assess situation and prepare further strategies
Data plan

Scope of data Type Method Source

1. Geography Secondary MPJBT, UTM

2. Jemaah Primary Sample Mosque in

Skudai
3. Tenants Primary Sample Residential area
in Skudai
4. Patrons Primary Sample Shops in Skudai

5. Public users Primary Sample Public facilities in

Skudai
 Instrumentation

• A process of selecting and developing research tool for the purpose

of data collection
• Examples of instrument:
* Questionnaire
* Interview checklist
* Observational form
* Attitude/view scale
* Content analysis form
* Researcher-designed achievement test
* Field Tools and equipments
• Depends on method of study