THE RADIANT SCHOOL

SESSION 2021
‘’STUDY OF PURIFICATION
OF WATER BY
SEDIMENTATION’’
SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
DEEPAK MATHUR SIR RASHI RAWAT
CLASS :-11TH A
 INDEX
1.Cetificate of authenticity
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
-Need of water
-purification of water
-sedimentation
4. Theory
-working principle
-basic design principle and technical
installations
-Costs
-Health aspects
5. Experiment
-Aim
-Requirements
-Procedure
 cERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rashi Rawat, a
student of class XII has successfully
completed the research project on the
topic ‘Purification of water by
sedimentation’ under the guidance of
Mr.Deepak Mathur sir (subject teacher).
This project is absoluetly genuin and does
not include in plagiarism of anykind. The
references taken in making this project
has been declared at the end of thid
report

Signature (sub.teacher ) Signature examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special

thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. Deepak Mathur sir as well as
our principal Mr.Brahmjit Singh
who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic
‘’PURIFICATION OF WATER BY
SEDIMENTATION ’’, which also
helped me in doing a lot of
Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank
my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time
frame.
 PURIFICATION OF
WATER BY
SEDIMENTATION

A CHEMESTRY INVESTRIGATORY
PROJECT

RASHI RAWAT
11TH ‘A’

THIS PROJECT IS TO LOK AT THECHNIQUE TO

PURIFY THE WATER BY THE PROCESS CALLED
SEDIMENTATION SO WATER CAN BE PURE
NEED OF WATER
Water means Life. Water is a prime natural
resource. It is a basic need for humans and a
precious asset that living beings have. Water is
equally vital for the survival of plant and animal
kingdom. Soil needs water for sustaining plants.
The water cycle is essential for ecological
balance too. Though a big portion of the Earth
is covered with water, only a small portion of it
can be used for various human activities. So we
need to be judicious and rational, regarding the
usage of water .
PURIFICATION OF WATER
water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds,
organic and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are
removed from water. That process also includes distillation (the
conversion of a liquid into vapour to condense it back to liquid form)
and deionization (ion removal through the extraction of dissolved salts).
One major purpose of water purification is to provide clean drinking
water. Water purification also meets the needs of medical,
pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for clean and
potable water. The purification procedure reduces the concentration of
contaminants such as suspended particles,
parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi. Water purification takes
place on scales from the large (e.g., for an entire city) to the small (e.g.,
for individual households).
Introduction to sedimentation
sedimentation (also referred to as settlement or simple
gravity sedimentation) is a simple, physical, low-cost pre-
treatment of water prior to application of
other purification methods such as filtration (e.g. slow
sand filtration) and disinfection
(e.g. chlorination, ozonation).
It removes undesirable small particulate suspended matter
(sand, silt and clay) and some biological
contaminants from water under the influence of gravity.
The longer the water is stored or hold undisturbed, the
more the suspended solids and pathogens will settle to the
bottom of the container. Adding coagulants can accelerate
the sedimentation process.
Working principle
The suspended particles in water vary considerably in source,
composition, charge, particle size, shape and density. The smaller
particles present in water are kept in suspension by the action of
physical forces on the particles themselves. One of the forces playing a
dominant role in stabilisation results from the surface charge present
on the particles. Most solids suspended in water possess a negative
charge and since they have the same charge sign, repel each other
when they come close together. Therefore they will remain in
suspension rather than clump together and settle. However, under the
influence of gravity, larger particles will settle to the bottom and can be
separated from the water. The optimal holding time depends on the
initial turbidity and water quality requirements for subsequent
treatment steps. This process is referred to as plain sedimentation or
settlement.

Adding chemical or natural coagulants to the water can quicken the

sedimentation process. Aluminium sulphate, polyaluminium chloride
(also known as PAC or liquid alum) and ferric sulphate are three
common types of chemicals used for coagulation. Some examples of
natural coagulants are prickly pear cactus, Moringa seeds, broad beans
and Fava beans. Some products like “PUR” contain both coagulants and
disinfectant. After sedimentation, the water should be filtered
(e.g. slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration, etc.) to further remove
suspended materials and pathogens.
Basic design principle & technical
installations
Most often, centralised sedimentation chambers form an integral part
of a treatment cycle combining pure sedimentation with coagulation
flocculation, filtration, disinfection and storage facilities. For more
information on this treatment cycle on the household level,
see: Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage HTWS.
Sedimentation can be done by simply filling jars or tanks and holding
the water undisturbed for a while and then decanting the water from
the sediment. This process may be suitable for water treatment on a
household level. For community or urban water supply, the
sedimentation process needs to be operated continuously.
The design of sedimentation facilities for community or urban water
supply range from simple, small sedimentation chambers to large,
highly technological sedimentation basins. The former are often made
of concrete rectangular tanks. Inflowing water horizontally passes one
or more separated sub-chambers while more and more particles
sediment
Costs
Water purification measures are associated with capital and
operational costs. Many centralised water treatment plants in urban
areas in developed countries are costly as they make use of high-end
technology. However, effective treatment does not necessarily require
such a level of investment. Simple sedimentation chambers are
associated with very low construction costs. Equally, spending
for operation and maintenance is minimal given the turbidity level of
the initial water is not too high. Hereby, maintenance tasks mainly
include interrupting the inflow, emptying the chamber and removing
the settles material. However, the use of coagulants may be costly
depending on water quality and the availability of required chemicals.

Health aspects
Plain sedimentation is very effective in reducing water turbidity,
however, it is not consistently effective in reducing microbial
contamination. Holding the water undisturbed for a few hours
allows the larger, denser particles (e.g. sand, silt) to sediment. The
longer the water remains motionless inside the sedimentation
chamber, the more fine particles start to settle. Since
many pathogens including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
helminths are attached to suspended particles, the reduction of
turbidity also improves the microbiological quality (AMAGLOH &
BENANG 2009). Removing turbidity comes along with an
improved visual quality of the water and thus increases its
acceptance by consumers.
Yet, very fine solids (i.e. clay) and most dispersed viruses and
bacteria are too small to be settled by simple gravity
sedimentation. For this reason, coagulants are used helping to
effectively remove fine particles and to shorten the sedimentation
process. The use of Moringa Oleifera seeds for water treatment is
efficient in reducing 80% to 99.5% of turbidity accompanied by
90% to 99.99% bacterial reduction (LEA 2010)
 cERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rashi Rawat, a
student of class XII has successfully
completed the research project on the
topic ‘Purification of water by
sedimentation’ under the guidance of
Mr.Deepak Mathur sir (subject teacher).
This project is absoluetly genuin and does
not include in plagiarism of anykind. The
references taken in making this project
has been declared at the end of thid
report

Signature (sub.teacher ) Signature examiner

 Experiment
AIM
o filter water by process called sedimentation

EQUIREMENTS
glass
oil
Water
poon

ROCEDURE
Take soil in one glass and water in another
Start pouring some soil in clean water with spoon
Mix it well
Leave it for some time till the soil particles settel
down in bottom of the glass
Then seprate the clean water form tha top of glass
to another glass
OBSERVATIONS
ou can notice that inspite of dirty soil mixed in water
when we poure it into another glass the water is as
ure as before this is called sedimentation