INSULIN

By:Mohammed Ahmed Mothafar

Noor Mohammed qasim
Maryam saif wadallah
supervised: Dr.Hazim
Insulin is polypeptide
consisting of two chain( A
and B) connected by 2
interchain disulfied
bridge.

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 Biosynthesis of Insulin

Insulin is synthesized in significant

quantities in beta cells in the
pancreas. The insulin mRNA is
translated as a single chain
precursor called preproinsulin, and
removal of its signal peptide
during insertion into the
endoplasmic reticulum generates
proinsulin. INSULIN
Proinsulin consists of three
domains: an amino-terminal B
chain, a carboxy-terminal A
chain and a connecting peptide
in the middle known as the C
peptide

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The proinsulin molecule
undergoes a series of site specific
peptide cleavages that result in
the formation of the mature
insulin and C- peptide in
eqimolar amounts. Proinsulin
molecule varies in its length
between 78- 86 a.a. due to the
variation in the C- peptide INSULIN
 Insulin is secreted by influence

01 GULCOSE
1

02 2 DRUGS
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GLUCOSE
High plasma glucose concentration is
most important physiological
regulator for insulin secretion.
Glucose receptors at the cell surface
of B_Cell.
Fasting plasma glucose for insulin
release is 80_100 mg/dl
While the maximum response is at FPG INSULIN
of 300_500
Drugs
Sulphonylurea compounds are used
most frequently in the therapy of type
2 diabetes.

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Type 2 diabetes is an impairment
in the way the body regulates and
uses sugar (glucose) as a fuel. This
long-term (chronic) condition
results in too much sugar
circulating in the bloodstream.
Eventually, high blood sugar levels
can lead to disorders of the
circulatory, nervous and immune INSULIN
systems
A new group of
hypoglycemic drugs "
DPP_4 Inhibitors " like
sitagliptin and vildagliptin
stimulate pancreatic beta
cells through increasing
circulating levels of
incretins ( GIP and GLP_1).
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 The major effects of insulin

The major effects of insulin on tissues are:

(1) Carbohydrate metabolism:
(a) It increases the rate of transport of glucose across
the cell membrane in adipose tissue and muscle
(b) it increases the rate of glycolysis in muscle and
adipose tissue
(c) it stimulates the rate of glycogen synthesis in a
number of tissues, including adipose tissue, muscle, INSULIN
and liver. It also decreases the rate of glycogen
breakdown in muscle and liver,
Effects on Lipid Metabolism: Insulin is well –known to have a
potent lipogenic activity, it is a potent inhibitor of lipolysis in the
liver and the adipose tissue. It inhibits [hormone- sensitive
lipase] enzyme activity. It thus decreases the amount of
circulating free fatty acids and hence it affects the glucose
metabolism as well as the free fatty acids inhibit glycolysis at
many steps and stimulates gluconeogenesi.

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Effects on Protein Metabolism:
Insulin is known to have an anabolic role in protein
metabolism where it enhances the entry of neutral amino
acids into the muscle cells and thus protein synthesis and
it however prevents protein degradation.

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Thank you for listening

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