Unit of Pressure and Gas Laws

Teacher: Sir
111Jason Brozo
 Gases

Gas is a type of matter that has no defined shape or volume.

Gases can be made up of a single element, such as hydrogen
gas (H2), a compound, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), or a
mixture of several gases, such as air.
 Characteristics of Gases
• Gases have a lower density than other states of matter, such
as solids and liquids.
• Gas particles move very fast and collide with one another,
causing them to diffuse, or spread out until they are evenly
distributed throughout the volume of the container.
• When more gas particles enter a container, there is less space
for the particles to spread out, and they become compressed.
 Characteristics of Gases
• The particles exert more force on the interior volume of the
container. This force is called pressure.
• There are several units used to express pressure. Some of the
most common are atmospheres (atm), pounds per square
inch (psi), millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and pascals (Pa).
The units relate to one another this way: 1 atm = 14.7 psi =
760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa (1,000 pascals).
 Temperature
• is an objective measurement of how hot or cold an object is.
It can be measured with a thermometer or a calorimeter. It is
a means of determining the internal energy contained within
a given system.
• The kelvin (the unit name is spelled with a lower-case 'k') is
the unit of temperature in the International System of Units
(SI).
 Pressure
• The pressure of the gas is the force that the gas exerts on the
container boundaries. The gas molecules move randomly
along the given volume. During this movement, they collide
with the surface and also with each other.
• The unit that we use in describing pressure is Pascal
 Volume
• Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied
by a liquid, solid, or gas. Common units used to express
volume include liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters,
teaspoons, and ounces, though many other units exist.
 Gas Laws
• The gas laws were developed towards the end of the 18th
century by numerous scientists (after whom, the individual
laws are named). The four gas laws are:

• Boyle’s Law, which provides a relationship between the

pressure and the volume of a gas.
• Charles’s Law, which provides a relationship between the
volume occupied by a gas and the absolute temperature.
 Gas Laws
• Avogadro’s Law, which provides a relationship between the
volume occupied by a gas and the amount of gaseous substance.
• The Combined Gas Law (or the Ideal Gas Law), which can be
obtained by combining the three laws listed above.
 Boyle’s Law
• In mid-1600’s , Irish scientist Robert Boyle (1627-1691) studied
the pressure and volume relationship of a confined gas held at
constant temperature.
• Based on his experimental observations, he formulated a gas
law, now known as Boyle’s law, which states that the pressure
of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
at constant temperature.
 Sample problem
• A 20.0 gas kept in a available piston has an initial pressure of
1.5 atm at 25oC. If the piston is allowed to expand isothermally
(i.e., at constant temperature) to 45.0 L, what will be the
resulting pressure of the gas?
Initial Final
P1 1.5 atm P2 ?
V1 20.0 L V2 45.0 L
T1 25oC T1 25oC
 Sample problem
• Unknown: P2 = ?
• Formula: P1V1=P2V2
Since P2 is missing, we need to simplify the formula
P1V1 = P2V2
We need divide both side by V2 ,so that P2 will leave alone
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 V2
P2 = P1V1
V2
 Sample problem
Initial Final
P1 1.5 atm P2 ?
V1 20.0 L V2 45.0 L
T1 25oC T1 25oC

P2 = P1V1 P2 = (1.5 atm) (20.0 L)

=0.67 atm
V2 45.0 L
 Boyle’s Law Real Life Application
Breathing
• During respiration, our lungs make use of Boyle’s law. While
inhaling, the lungs are filled with air; therefore, they expand.
The volume increases, hence the pressure level goes down.
Similarly, when the lungs are evacuated of air, they shrink;
therefore, the volume reduces and the pressure increases. The
change in pressure and volume is momentary and periodic in
nature.
 Charles's Law
• In 1800’s another gas law was established in an effort to
improved the design of hot air balloons. French Jacques Charles
(1746-1823), together with Gay Lussac, discovered the volume-
temperature relationship of gases at a constant pressure.
• This law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature at a constant pressure.
 Sample problem
• Consider a 25.0 L gas in a container initially at 25 oC and 1 atm.
If this gas is heated to 80oC what will happen to its volume
under constant volume?

Initial Final
P1 1 atm P2 1 atm
V1 25.0 L V2 ?
T1 25oC = 298.15 K T1 80oC = 353.15 K
 Sample problem
• Unknown: V2 = ? Formula:

Since V2 is missing, we need to simplify the formula. Multiply T 2

both side to leave V2 alone:
T T2 V2 = V1T2
2 T1
 Sample problem
Initial Final
P1 1 atm P2 1 atm
V1 25.0 L V2 ?
T1 25oC = 298.15 K T1 80oC = 353.15 K

V2 = (25.0 L) (353.15 K)
=29. 6 L
298.15 K
 Charles’s Real Life Application
We apply the Charles Law ordinarily in real life. One of the
example is the soda can. When you open a chilled can, you
merely see bubbles. However, bubbles spill out the drink if you
open a warm can. Why is this so? This is because of Charles Law.
The volume of gas increases in case of a warmer can, and as the
can opens, gas molecules find their way to bubble out more
intensely.
 Avogadro's Law
• Amadeo Avogadro is the pioneer of this law. This law states that
the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of
particles at the same pressure and absolute temperature,
regardless of the nature of the gas.
 Sample problem
• A canister of butane gas (C4H10, MM = 58.12 g/mol) used for
portable cooking is available in a store in two sizes – 750 ml
and 2.0 L. The 750 mL canister contains 85 g of C 4H10 with a
pressure of 48 atm at 28oC. How many grams of C4H10are
present in the bigger canister under the same condition of the
pressure and temperature?
 Sample problem
750 mL canister 2.0 L canister
m1 85 g m2 ?
P1 48 atm P2 48 atm
T1 28oC T2 28oC
V1 750 mL V2 2.0 L – 2000 mL
 Sample problem
• Unknown: n2 = ?
To solve this problem, calculate first the number of moles of
C4H10 from the given mass.
85 g
Moles of C4H10 = n1 = m1/MM = = 1.5 mol
58.12 g/mol
Then, manipulate the equation for Avogadro’s law to get the
number of moles of C4H10 present
 Sample problem
. V1 V 2
=
n1 n2

V1 n 2 = V 2 n 1
V1 V1
(2.0 L)(1.5 mol)
n2 = n2 = = 4.0 mol
(0.75 L)
 Sample problem
Finally, compute for the mass of C4H10 in the second
canister .

m2 = (n2)(MM) = 4.0 mol)( 58.12 g/mol) = 232 g

 Avogadro’s Law Real Life
Balloons
When you blow up a balloon, you are literally forcing the air from
your mouth to inside the balloon. In other words, you are filling
more moles of air in the balloon and it expands.
 Ideal Gas and Ideal Gas equation
• Related to the Avogadro’s law is the ideal gas equation that links
all three variables (volume, temperature and pressure) to the
amount of a gas expressed in mole. An ideal gas is a theoretical
gas, which satisfies the assumptions of kinetic molecular theory.
The ideal gas law is mathematically stated as :

PV = nRT
 Ideal Gas and Ideal Gas equation
PV = nRT

Where R is the gas constant with a value of (L) x (atm)/ (mol)(K)

or J/ (mol)(K); P is the pressure in atmospheres; V is the volume
in liters; n is the amount of gaseous substance in moles; T is the
temperature in Kelvin. The value of R may vary depending on the
units of volume, pressure and temperature used.
 Ideal Gas and Ideal Gas equation
Using the ideal gas equation, the volume occupied by one mole of
any gas at 0oC and 1 atm is calculated as 22.4 Liters. These
temperature and pressure values are referred to as the standard
temperature and pressure, abbreviated as STP.
L x atm
V= = (1 mol)(0.0821 mol x K)(273.15K)
nRT = 22.4 L
P 1 atm
 Sample problem
• What is the molar mass of 1.5 g of a gas that occupies a
volume of 0.68 L at 0.85 atm and 301 K?

• Given:
• m = 1.5 g
• P = 0.85 atm
• V= 0.68 L
• T = 301 K
 Sample problem
• Solution:
To calculate the molar mass of the gas, determine first its first
number of moles using the ideal gas equation.

n= PV ( 0.85 atm)(0.68 L)
= = 0.023
RT L x atm
0.0821 mol x K 301 K
 Sample problem
To calculate the molar mass as shown below.

MM = m = 1.5 g
= 65 g/mol
n 0.023 mol