Solid State

Physics
Presenters
Ahmed Ali SP20-BPH-024
Huzaifa Akram SP20-BPH-013
Mohammad Haroon SP20-BPH-029
Muhammad Umer SP20-BPH-018

Assigned By
Dr. Aamir Razzaq
Contents
• Motion of free electron in magnetic field
• Magnetic Properties
• Cyclotron
• Principle , working and Calculation
• Magneto Static Conductivity
• Scholarship
Motion of free
electrons in Magnetic
Field
• when a charged particle moves perpendicular to a uniform B-field. The
magnetic force is perpendicular to the direction of travel, a charged particle
follows a curved path in a magnetic field. The particle continues to follow
this curved path until it forms a complete circle. Another way to look at this
is that the magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity, so that it does
no work on the charged particle. The particle’s kinetic energy and speed thus
remain constant. The direction of motion is affected but not the speed.
Motion of free electrons in Uniform
Magnetic Field

A negatively charged particle moves in the plane of the

paper in a region where the magnetic field is perpendicular
to the paper .The magnetic force is perpendicular to the
velocity, so velocity changes in direction but not magnitude.
The result is uniform circular motion.
Motion of free electrons in Uniform
Magnetic Field
Motion of free electrons in Uniform
Magnetic Field
 • In this situation, the magnetic force
supplies the centripetal force 
             
Motion of
F= mv2/r = centripetal force
free • Noting that the velocity is
electrons in perpendicular to the magnetic field,
Magnetic the magnitude of the magnetic force
is reduced to               
Field •  Because the magnetic
force F supplies the centripetal
Magnetic properties
FREE ELECTRON PARAMAGNETISM
• Free electrons show a paramagnetic effect in a magnetic field
that is temperature independent. The free-electron model of is
able to describe this effect.
• In the absence of a magnetic field, all the orbital states of lowest
energy are occupied by two electrons with opposite spins. In the
presence of the magnetic field, those electrons with spin
magnetic moment in the direction of the magnetic field have
their energy lowered by an amount μBH, and those with opposite
spin have their energy increased by the same amount.
 CYCLOTRON

• Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles

to high energies.
• Invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley.
Working Principle

• Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving

normal to a magnetic field experiences magnetic lorentz force
due to which the particle moves in a circular path.
Working of Cyclotron
When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is
accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of
time. Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic lorentz
force and moves in a circular path. By the time the ion arrives at the gap
between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed. Hence the particle
is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater
velocity along a circle of greater radius. Thus the particle moves in a spiral
path of increasing radius . The particle with high energy is now allowed to
hit the target T.
Why we use cyclotron?
• Cyclotrons are used to accelerate heavy charged particles such as protons,
deuterons, and heavier ions as a tool for physics research and isotope production.

Lawrence's The
original4.5-inch-cyclotron magnet yoke for the 37″
cyclotron on display at the
Lawrence Hall of Science,
Berkeley California.
Schematic Diagram
Applications
 In addition to producing the imaging isotopes used for
the PET-CT scanner at the RUH, the laboratory
undertakes animal and human health imaging and
research and plant imaging and research.
 Cyclotrons are widely used to accelerate charged
particles in nuclear physics experiments.
 Use them to bombard atomic nuclei.
 For radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer,
 Different cyclotrons used for nuclear transmutation
(change of the nuclear structure).
Magnetostatics
Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the
currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic
analogue of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary. The
magnetization need not be static; the equations of magnetostatics can be
used to predict fast magnetic switching events that occur on time scales
of nanoseconds or less. Magnetostatics is even a good approximation
when the currents are not static as long as the currents do not alternate
rapidly.
Why is it called
magnetostatics?

If a steady or time invariant current flows through a conductor, a

steady magnetic field is produced around the conductor. This steady
current is nothing but a direct current (DC). Thus, a study of steady
magnetic fields due to steady or direct current is called as
magnetostatics.
Applications
Applications Magnetostatics is widely used in applications of
micromagnetics such as models of magnetic storage devices as in
computer memory.

Sources
The sources of the magnetostatic fields are the permanent magnets
and constant electric currents. The essential laws of the
magnetostatic fields are Biot- Savart's law and Ampere's law.
MagnetoStatic Conductivity

 - Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the

currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue
of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary.

 - A static electric field (also referred to as electrostatic field) is created

by charges that are fixed in space; A static magnetic field is created by a
magnet or charges that move as a steady flow (as in appliances
usingdirect current).
Static magnetoconductivity tensor

 The steady state solution to the Drude model for the free electron gas in an
external magnetic field is given by
Drude Model of Free Electron
Conduction in a Metal
 Sweden
Scholarships
 Top Universities https://edurank.org/geo/lund/

Ranking
Name Sweden Europe World
Application Fee Acceptance Rate
Sr #
1 Und University  1  20  93
2 Uppsala university  2  26  106
900 SEK 34%
3 Karolinska Institute  3 40  145
900 SEK  75%
4 University of Gothenburg  4  72  208
900 SEK 40%
5 Stockholm University  5  73  209 900 SEK 39%
6 KTH Royal Institute of Technology  6  85  234 900 SEK 24%
7 Umea University  7  106  281 900 SEK 45%
8 Chalmers University of Technology  8  121  318 900 SEK
900 SEK
34%
9 Linkoping University  9  123  324 85%
10 Swedish University of Agriculture  10  182  444 900 SEK
900 SEK 43%
11 Lulea University of Technology  11  345  906 900 SEK 85%
12 Orebro University  12  369  988 900 SEK 85%
13 Stockholm School of Economics  13  394  1076 900 SEK 28%
14 Malmo University  14  404  1114 900 SEK 24%
15 Mid Sweden University  15  482  1365 900 SEK 35%
Karlstad University  16  491  1383 900 SEK
16
900 SEK
24%
17 Linnaeus University  17  509  1448
900 SEK 34%
18 Blekinge Institute of Technology  18  620  1909 900 SEK 34%
19 Jonkoping University  19  622  1911 900 SEK 81%
20 Halmstad University  20  639 1975 900 SEK  45%
First and second admission rounds
First application round for autumn semester (all courses taught in English)
• Mid-October: courses become available for application
• Mid-January: Application deadline
• Beginning of February: Last day to complete application with documentation and application fee (if
required)
• April: Notification of Selection Results
Second application round for autumn semester (all courses taught in
Swedish, limited courses in English)
• Mid-March: courses become available for application
• Mid-April: Application deadline
• June: Last day to complete application with documentation and application fee (if required)
• July: Notification of Selection Results and deadline to reply to your admissions offer
First and second admission rounds
First application round for spring semester (all courses taught in English)
June: courses become available for application
Mid-August: Application deadline
Beginning of September: Last day to complete application with documentation and application fee
(if required)
October/November: Notification of Selection Results
Second application round for spring semester (all courses taught in
Swedish, limited courses in English)
September: courses become available for application
Mid-October: Application deadline
Late October/Early December: Last day to complete application with documentation and
application fee (if required)
December: Notification of Selection Results and deadline to reply to your admissions offer
The Application Process
 Create an account
 Search for courses and programme
 Rank your choices
 Complete your application
 Making changes to your application
 Late applications
 Notification of Selection Results
 Some universities have their own admissions process
https://www.universityadmissions.se/intl/search?perio
d=18&freeText=Electrical+engineering
Eligibility Criteria
 The candidates must be a citizen of the given countries.
 The candidate must have work experience of a minimum of 3000 hours.
 The candidate must have demonstrated leadership experience from the
employment.
 The candidate must be engaged as a leader in civil society engagements.
 The candidate must be able to get admission to an SI Scholarship-eligible
master’s program.
Required Documents
 Motivation letter
 Your university transcript ( attested by both HEC and your university
controller examination )
 CV
 Letters of reference
 Valid and completed proof of work and leadership experience
 Copy of your valid passport
 IELTS, TOFEL Or English proficiency Certificate
Scholarship Opportunities by
Swedish Universities
Blekinge Institute of Technology
Malmo University
Karlstad University
Jonkoping University
 Top 5
Scholarships
 Swedish Institute Scholarships
(SISGP) 2023-2024
Host Country: Fields of Study:
Sweden The list of eligible Master’s
Host Organisation: Programmes Swedish Institute
Sweden Institute Scholarships for Global
Funded By: Professionals (SISGP) Academic
The SI Swedish Institute Year 2023-2024 will be
scholarship is funded by the published soon
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Course Duration:
1 to 2 years duration of the
Benefits of the Swedish Institute
Scholarships (SISGP) 2023-24:
 The scholarship will cover the full tuition fee.
 The living expenses will be covered and a monthly stipend of SEK 11,000 will be given.
 Medical insurance will be covered.
 For Bangladesh; Bolivia; Brazil; Cambodia; Cameroon; Colombia; Ecuador; Egypt; Ethiopia;
Gambia; Ghana; Guatemala; Honduras; Indonesia; Jordan; Kenya; Liberia; Malawi;
Morocco; Myanmar (Burma); Nepal; Nigeria; Pakistan; Peru; Philippines; Rwanda; South
Africa; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Tanzania; Tunisia; Uganda; Vietnam; Zambia and Zimbabwe: A
travel grant of SEK 15,000 will be provided for the entire period of study.
 For Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russian Federation, and Ukraine: A
travel grant of SEK 11,000 will be provided for the entire period of study.
 The fellows will get membership in the SI Network for Future Global Leaders.
Eligibility Criteria

 The candidates must be a citizen of the given countries.

 The candidate must have work experience of a minimum of 3000 hours.
 The candidate must have demonstrated leadership experience from the employment.
 The candidate must be engaged as a leader in civil society engagements.
 The candidate must be able to get admission to an SI Scholarship-eligible master’s
program.
The Visby Programme Scholarships

 The Visby Service offers learners representing Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,

Georgia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine a range of full fellowships towards
postgraduates in Swedish. The fellowship compensates for the university costs, 9,000
Swedish through quarterly daily expenses, security, as well as a 1 million SEK yet
another excursion stipend
Blekinge Institute of Technology
Scholarship Programme

 Or incoming students representing non-EU/EEA nationalities

who should be able to afford university fees for just a Swedish
university education, the BTH scholarship programme is
available. The fellowship programme offers complete (50%)
student fee subsidies.
Chalmers IPOET Scholarships 2023

 Residents representing non-EU/EEA nations seem to be

considered for such IPOET scholarships if they need to pay for
education as well as propose to register for one of Chalmers
University’s postgraduate programmes. This grant minimises
university fees by approximately 75%.
https://www.abneducation.com/expo/