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Electrical Circuits T Venu Gopal
Electrical Circuits T Venu Gopal
Lesson 5
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Consider the following:
A
Network • Network
B
1 • 2
Figure 5.1: Coupled networks.
1
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Network •A
1 •B
Figure 5.2: Network 1, open-circuited.
2
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Network •A
1 •B
Now place a voltmeter across terminals A-B and
read the voltage. We call this the open-circuit voltage.
4
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Consider the following circuit.
I2
V3
_ + A
R1 R3
R2
R4
_+ V1 _ I1
V2 +
B
A
R1 R3
R2 R4
B
Figure 5.4: Circuit of Figure 5.3 with sources deactivated
Now place an ohmmeter across A-B and read the resistance.
If R1= R2 = R4= 20 and R3=5 then the meter reads 5 .
6
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
B
Figure 5.5: The Thevenin equivalent structure.
7
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
We can now tie (reconnect) Network 2 back to
terminals A-B. A
R TH
+ N e tw o r k
_ V TH
2
B
Figure 5.6: System of Figure 5.1 with Network 1
replaced by the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
We can now make any calculations we desire within
Network 2 and they will give the same results as if we
still had Network 1 connected.
8
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
It follows that we could also replace Network 2 with a
Thevenin voltage and Thevenin resistance. The results
would be as shown in Figure 5.7.
A
R TH 1 R TH 2
+_ V TH 1 V TH 2 _+
B
Figure 5.7: The network system of Figure 5.1
replaced by Thevenin voltages and resistances.
9
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.1.
Find VX by first finding VTH and RTH to the left of A-B.
12 4 A
+
30 V +_ 6 2 VX
_
B
Figure 5.8: Circuit for Example 5.1.
5
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.1. continued
12 4 A
30 V +_ 6
B
Figure 5.9: Circuit for finding VTH for Example 5.1.
(30)(6)
VAB 10V
6 12
Notice that there is no current flowing in the 4 resistor
(A-B) is open. Thus there can be no voltage across the
resistor.
11
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.1. continued
We now deactivate the sources to the left of A-B and find
the resistance seen looking in these terminals.
12 4 A
RTH
6
B
We see,
RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8
12
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.1. continued
After having found the Thevenin circuit, we connect this
to the load in order to find VX.
R TH A
8 +
V TH + 10 V VX
_ 2
_
B
Figure 5.11: Circuit of Ex 5.1 after connecting Thevenin
circuit.
(10)( 2)
VX 2V
13
28
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
In some cases it may become tedious to find RTH by reducing
the resistive network with the sources deactivated. Consider
the following: R TH A
V TH + IS S
_
B
Figure 5.12: A Thevenin circuit with the output shorted.
We see;
VTH
RTH Eq 5.1
14
I SS
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.2.
For the circuit in Figure 5.13, find RTH by using Eq 5.1.
12 C 4 A
30 V +_ 6 IS S
D B
Figure 5.13: Given circuit with load shorted
10 V +_
IS S
D B
5
A
10
20 V _+ 20 17
Figure 5.15: Circuit for Example 5.3.
5
A
10
20 V _+ 20
Figure 5.16: Circuit for finding VOC for Example 5.3.
20(20)
VOS VAB VTH (1.5)(10)
(20 5)
VTH 31V
18
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.3 continued
5
A
10
20
Figure 5.17: Circuit for find RTH for Example 5.3.
5(20)
RTH 10 14
(5 20)
19
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.3 continued
R TH A
14 +
V TH + 31 V VAB
_ 17
_
B
Figure 5.18: Thevenin reduced circuit for Example 5.3.
VAB 17 V
20
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.4: Working
with a mix of independent and dependent sources.
6 IS
B
21
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.4: continued
First remove the 50 load resistor and find VAB = VTH to
the left of terminals A-B.
IS A
50 40
30
_+ 86 V
6 IS
B
86 80 I S 6 I S 0 I S 1 A
VAB 6 I S 30 I S 36V
22
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.4: continued
To find RTH we deactivate all independent sources but retain
all dependent sources as shown in Figure 5.21.
IS A
50 40
30 R TH
6 IS
B
Figure 5.21: Example 5.4, independent sources deactivated.
We cannot find RTH of the above circuit, as it stands. We
must apply either a voltage or current source at the load
and calculate the ratio of this voltage to current to find RTH.
23
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.4: continued
IS 1A
50 40
30
IS + 1 V 1A
6 IS
50 I S 30( I S 1) 6 I S 0
From which 15
IS A
24 43
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.4: continued
IS 1A
50 40
30
IS + 1 V 1A=I
6 IS
5 7 .4
V TH _+ 36 V 100
36 x100
V100 22.9 V
57.4 100
26
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.5: Finding
the Thevenin circuit when only resistors and dependent
sources are present. Consider the circuit below. Find Vxy
by first finding the Thevenin circuit to the left of x-y.
1 0 Ix
x
20 50
50 60 1 0 0 V +_
IX
y
Figure 5.25: Circuit for Example 5.5.
For this circuit, it would probably be easier to use mesh or nodal
analysis to find Vxy. However, the purpose is to illustrate Thevenin’s
27 theorem.
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.5: continued
We first reconcile that the Thevenin voltage for this circuit
must be zero. There is no “juice” in the circuit so there cannot
be any open circuit voltage except zero. This is always true
when the circuit is made up of only dependent sources and
resistors.
To find RTH we apply a 1 A source and determine V for
the circuit below. 1 0 I
X
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
m
Write KVL around the loop at the left, starting at “m”, going
cw, using drops:
50(1 I X ) 10 I X 20(1 I X ) 60 I X 0
29
I X 0.5 A
THEVENIN & NORTON
THEVENIN’S THEOREM: Example 5.5: continued
1 0 IX
20 20
1A
50 60
V
1 - IX IX
m
n
50 _+ 100 V
y
Figure 5.29: Thevenin circuit tied to the load, Example 5.5.
31 Obviously, VXY = 50 V
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Assume that the network enclosed below is composed
of independent sources and resistors.
Network
I R
33
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTON’S THEOREM:
In the Norton circuit, the current source is the short circuit
current of the network, that is, the current obtained by
shorting the output of the network. The resistance is the
resistance seen looking into the network with all sources
deactivated. This is the same as RTH.
IS S R N = R TH
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTON’S THEOREM:
R
+ V
_ V R I=
R
20 40 A
+_ 50 V 60 50
B
20 40
+_ 50 V 60
IS S
1 0 .7 A 55 50
+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40
_
+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40
_
39
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTON’S THEOREM: Example 5.7. continued
1 k IS A
+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40 IS S
_
VOS 1000 I S
RN 40
I SS 25 I S
40
THEVENIN & NORTON
NORTON’S THEOREM: Example 5.7. continued
1 k IS A
+
5V _+ 3 VX 2 5 IS VX 40
_
Therefore;
I SS 62.5 mA
The Norton equivalent circuit is shown below.
A
I N = 6 2 .5 m A R N = 40
40
+
_ 2 .5 V
43
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