THE HISTORY

OF TOURISM
AND
HOSPITALITY
Objectives:

• Describe the history of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry.

• Explain the origin of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines.

• Identify the international travel patterns.

• Describe the factors that favour the growth of Tourism and Hospitality
Activity 1: The following pictures are related to the history of Tourism and Hospitality Industry.
Arrange the scrambled letters to form the word that the picture conveys.

1. E G A L O L N 2. N E T R A V 3. S G E T A C O C A H

4. A C É F 5. G N I L L I H S 6. T L H E O
7. P I G L E G M A R I 8. A S P

9. SMUAIREN S 10. R Y M S O T E N A
 Lesson 2.1 History of the Tourism Industry

Early Tourism
- Man has travelled since the earliest times although the term tourism was used only in the 19th
century.
- “Tourism” is derived from the Hebrew word torah which means studying, learning, or searching.

Early Tourism has two forms:

1. Travel for business such as trading
The invention of money, writing and wheel by the Sumerians facilitated the travel and exchange of
goods. The early Phoenicians toured the Mediterranean as traders.

2. Travel for religious reasons

Pilgrimages were made to fulfil a vow as in case of illness or of great danger or as a penance of sins.

There was also travel for private purposes like the Olympic Games held in 776 BC by the Greeks and
the travel by rich Romans for enjoyment and to visit friends and relatives.
Modern Tourism

Tourism in the 19th Century

Railway and the development of steam power were introduced.
tourism was transformed from small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass market that is travel by a large
number of individuals.
The use of steam power made transportation inexpensive that led to the popular day-trip cruises and made coastal
resorts grew.

Thomas Cook was the first and famous travel organizer.

Tourism in the 20th Century

At the beginning of the 20th century, pleasure travel continued to expand, encouraged by the increasing wealth,
curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of the people as well as the increasing ease of such movement.

World War l
Early Post War prosperity, coupled with large-scale migration, boosted the demand of international travel.
After World War l, the railways as a means of travel declined with the introduction of motor car.
Tourism in the Medieval Period

- After the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, roads were not maintained and they became unsafe
for the travelers because of the thieves. This made the travel declined during this period. Nobody travels for
pleasure.

Tourism During the Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras

- During Renaissance period, travel for education became popular (16th century) since few renowned
Universities were developed.

- Under Elizabeth l, young men seeking for positions in court were encouraged to travel to the continent to
widen their education.

-During this period, the spas or medicinal baths were introduced for sick people who sought for remedy. The
term “spa” is derived from the Walloon word spa meaning “fountain.’” Tunbridge wells in Kent (near London)
became famous as a spa in the 1660s. Soon, entertainment was added and dozens of watering places became
resort hotels.

Tourism during the Industrial Revolution

The industrial Revolution brought about major changes in the scale and type of tourism development. It brought
technological and social changes that made travel desirable for recreational activity.
World War ll
- The progress in aircraft technology occurred. Air travel became more comfortable, safer, faster, and
cheaper and his made the sea travel decline.

- After the post war recovery years, there was an increase in private car ownership. Travelers switched to the
use of private cars since it provided flexible transportation.
- Governments of many nations are encouraging the growth of both domestic and international tourism as a
means of job creation, economic diversification, and source of foreign exchange.
 Lesson 2.2 History of the Hospitality Industry

Ancient Period
• The Sumerians (a group of people who lived in Mesopotamia near the Persian
Gulf at about 4000 BC)
The recorded history of the hospitality industry began with the Sumerians:
 invented money and writing as a means to record and settle their business
transactions.
 started alcoholic beverages or beers
 established taverns- first hospitality business

• Early Traders
In 2000 BC, a considerable amount of trade had developed among the people of
the Middle East. Many became traders of exotic goods. Some enterprising
individuals set up the caravanserai which provided food and shelter to travelers.
Empires 3200 BC to 476 AD

• Egyptian Empire
- By 3200 BC, various groups had been united under one government ruled by a “pharaoh,”
the Egyptian term for king.
- The famous pyramids or tombs for the pharaohs became tourist attractions.
- The ancient Egyptians were the first to see that food service and lodging should be
provided to travelers.
- The ancient Egyptians were the first to begin the activity we now call tourism and
hospitality.

• Greek Empire
- Ancient Greek civilization began to develop about 1100 BC.
- It evolved in the form of independent city-states which were united by Philip of Macedonia
in the middle of the third century BC. His son, Alexander the Great, built an empire that
surrounded the
- Mediterranean and extended as far as east India.
- Inns and taverns became common in ancient Greece that accommodates travels
overnight.
• `Roman Empire

- In 146 BC, after many years of conflict, Greece became a Roman protectorate.
- Inns and taverns were established throughout the empire. The Romans constructed elaborate
inns along the main roads for officials and couriers of the Roman government. Marco Polo
described these inns as “fit for a king.”
- In the ruins of Pompeii, there are many small restaurants that are similar to the fast-food
restaurants at present.
- It is believed that the Romans were the first to establish the first restaurant chain.
- In ancient Persia, large caravans carried elaborate tents that were used along caravan routes.
These caravans stopped at Khans, a combination of stables, sleeping accommodations, and
fortresses.
Medieval Period

• Dark Ages
- After the fall of Roman Empire in 476 AD, inn keeping almost disappeared, except local taverns and
a few inns which were scattered throughout Europe.
- The Roman Catholic Church took over the job of feeding and housing travelers – both religious
and lay people through monasteries.

Example is Hospice
of St. Bernard
located in the Alps
- In Europe, Charlemagne established rest houses for pilgrims. An example of this was the Abbey at
Roncesvalles

- Medieval guilds opened houses to receive pilgrims similar to those of the monasteries. A good example
is the Steelyard, a residence in London operated by the Hanseatic League.

- Providing hospitality services to travelers became a burden to the religious houses. Thus, they only
continued the services to the poor since Christian charity was an important element in the Church’s
mission and to the rich nobles who made large financial contributions.
Gradually, some taverns, inns, and wine shops began to give accommodations to middle-class travelers.

• Renaissance: 1350 AD to 1600 AD

- During the Renaissance, there were no restaurants or dining establishment.

- In England, there were taverns, pubs, and inns, but none of these served food.
- Concern about table manners increased during this period and rules to be observed at the dinner
table developed.
Early Modern Period: 1600 AD to 1800 AD

- In the 16th century, an ordinary, a type of eating place for commoners appeared. These places
were taverns that served a fixed price, fixed menu meal.
- During this era, coffee and tea began to influence the culinary habits of Western Europe.
- During the next century, coffee houses were built all over Europe. In Venice, the famous café
Florian the Piazza San Marco was constructed.
 - The advent of stagecoach travel revolutionized hospitality on the road. At the coaching inns, tired
horses were exchanged with fresh horses and stagecoach passengers were fed
and given the opportunity to rest overnight.
- In 1600s, the common law for accommodation was introduced. Later, the common law
established two principles which are now considered basic in the hospitality industry –
 the innkeeper should insure the guests’ property and provide for the guest’s safety

- By the 1700s, the inns in England were much safer and more comfortable. The mails were an important
element in the development of the hospitality industry. In the late 1700s, the mail in England was carried on
horseback by messenger knows as post-boys who were able to ride six miles per hour.

- The food service element of the hospitality industry changed in France in 1765. In that year, a man
named Boulanger operated a small business which sold soups and broths in Paris. These were known as
restaurants, a French word which means “restorative.” Boulanger is recognized as the first to create the first
restaurant.

- In the late 18th century, the restaurant business flourished. During the French Revolution, the common
people of France revolted against the monarchy who took control of the government and properties of
aristocrats. Cooks and chefs who lost their jobs opened food-service establishments to earn a living.
- Another type of food service establishment which developed in France was the café. Café is the French
word for “coffee.” At first, they only served snacks but later on, the owners used their culinary skills to prepare
more elaborate items which delighted the customers.
- These developments in France in the late 18th century marked the beginning of modern restaurant
industry.
• The Industrial Era: from 1800

- The Industrial Revolution, which dates from the mid-1700s, started in England. The development of railroad
networks, first in England, then in other countries, had a great effect on the hospitality industry.
-The establishment of railroad stations became excellent locations for new hospitality businesses in England and
other countries developed rail networks.

Modern Period
• Nineteenth Century
- In the last quarter of 19th century, public dining was not popular. Many hotels were constructed without dining
facilities.
- In 1875, a dining facility was opened in the Albemarle Hotel in London. By this time, the term restaurant
refereed to the dining room of a hotel.
- One of the best known hotels was the Savoy which was opened by Richard d’ Oyly Carte in 1889. In the Savoy,
d’Oyly Carte employed two men who became famous throughout the world – Cesar Ritz and Auguste Escoffier.
- The Americans used their ingenuity to create something for everyone. Delmonico’s was the only expensive and
aristocratic restaurant in the United States – famous for fine food. Delmonico’s served Swiss-French cuisine and
became the center of American gastronomy.
More innovations in hospitality occurred in the 19th century such as custom of dining out, better methods of
preserving food through canning and vacuum packing, mass feeding for children, and the establishment of ice cream
parlors.
• The twentieth Century

- In 1921, Walter Anderson and Billy Ingraham began the White Castle hamburger chains. -
Marriott’s Hot Shoppe and root beer stands opened in 1927. At about this time, the drive-in and
fast-food restaurants also sprang up.
- In 1925, Howard Johnson opened his original restaurant in Wollaston Massachusetts.
- In 1934, the Rainbow Room opened. This art deco restaurant supported the reemergence of
New York as the center of power and glamour.
- In 1937, Trader Vic’s restaurant opened. The social elite was attracted to the Polynesian-
themed restaurant which served exotic drinks.
- In 1939, a restaurant called Le Pavillon de France opened in New York. By the end of 1930,
every city had a deluxe super night club.
- After world War ll, there was a rapid development of hotels and coffee shops all over the
world.
 Lesson 2.3 Pioneers in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
1. Cesar Ritz – became the general manager of the Savoy Hotel in London -one of the most famous and luxurious
hotels in the world. He made the hotel a cultural center for high society.
2. Ellsworth Milton Statler – considered as the premier hotel-man of all time.
3. Conrad Hilton – recognized as “ the biggest hotel man in the world.”. He was described by the New York Times
as the “ master of hotel finance.”.
4. Thomas Cook – recognized as the first professional travel agent. He was the founder of the world’s first travel
agency.
5. Howard Deering Johnson – the pioneer of brand leveraging. He was one of the first to introduce franchising in
1930s.
6. J. Willard Marriott – founded the Marriott Corporation which has continued to be an important asset to the
hospitality industry.
7. Ray Kroc – the most financially successful of all hospitality entrepreneurs, he founded the McDonald’s
Corporation, a multibillion-dollar industry.
8. Isadore Sharp – the founder of Four Seasons Regent Hotels- the world’s largest hotel chain and multi-million-
dollar global hotel empire.
9. Ruth Fertel – the founder of Chris Steak House -the largest upscale restaurant chain in the United States. She is
the most successful woman restaurateur at present.
 Lesson 2.4 Origins of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines
- Tourism and hospitality in the Philippines began when the original inhabitants of the country roamed around in
search for food.
- A more recognizable form of tourism and hospitality appeared in the Philippines when the country was
discovered by Ferdinand Magellan.
- Travelers were provided inland tours by entrepreneurs with their unregistered private cars and coaches called “
colorum.”
Colorum means illegal tour handling and the illegal use of private vehicles for public use.
- After World War ll, a more orderly tourism activity started. Steamships and airlines began to service the Philippines
from other countries.
- In 1952, Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA) - the first tourism and hospitality association in the
Philippines was organized.
 It put together all exiting travel establishments serving both domestic and international travelers. It was
funded by the government to promote the country’s tourism and hospitality industry. Later, the government
organized the board of travel and Tourist Industry (BTTI) to regulate, supervise, and control the tourist
industry and to subsidize the PTTA as its promotional arm.
- In the late 1950s, more hotels and restaurants and entertainment facilities were established.
- In 1960s – 1970s, the country had undergone economic, social and political crisis which hindered the
development of tourism and hospitality industry.
- In 1972, after the declaration of martial law, tourism and hospitality industry in the country prospered. Philippines
became a “bargain destination” to foreign visitors” which results to a temporary “tourist boom.”
- Tourism and hospitality in the Philippines at present is the result of the continuous development and promotion of
tourism and hospitality from 1950 to the present.

- The National Tourism Organization (NTO) of the Philippines or the Department of Tourism has embarked on
several plans and programs to ensure the pleasant and hospitable entry, stay and departure of tourists. Among
these are:
1. increase visitor arrivals especially from nearby markets;
2. increase tourism and hospitality receipts through longer stays(now set at 11 days) and higher spending per day
(estimated at $ 110 per day);
3. expand domestic tourism and hospitality;
4. expand the capacity for tourism and hospitality ;
5. improve the standards of service through expansion of training programs;
6. program major tourism and hospitality infrastructure projects;
7. engage in major tourism and hospitality estate and resort development;
8. classify facilities in tourist sites according to international standards;
9. strictly enforce the tour facility standards;
10. promote self- regulation within the different sectors of the tourism and hospitality industry;
11. complete the national tourism plan and destination tourism plan;
12. encourage consumer advertising in selected markets;
13. work closely with the private sector in product development; and
14. develop and strengthen linkages with the local governments, the private sector, and the general public.
 International Travel Patterns
• Major travel flows occur between the United State and western Europe. Secondary
regional patterns exist between south America, Caribbean, Africa, Near East and far
East.

• The Top ten countries generating international travel in rank order are: United States,
Germany, United kingdom, Canada, Japan, France, Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland,
and Australia.

• Travel between European countries- Intracontinental travel – has been very popular.
 Lesson 2.5 Factors that favor the Growth of Tourism and Hospitality

1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the population

2. Growth in the number of retired persons who have the desire and energy to travel
3. Increase in discretionary time-shorter workweeks and longer vacations
4. Greater mobility of the population
5. Growth in the number of “singles”
6. Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans
7. Higher Educational levels
8. The growth of cities
9. Simplification of travel through the package tour
10. Growth of multinational business
11. Modern transportation technology
12. Shift in values
13. Advances in communication
14. Smaller families and changing roles
Module 2 Quiz 2.A Identify the following.

_______1. The forerunners of the present gasoline stations.

_______2. The inventors of money.
_______3. The country where the first Olympic Games was held.
_______4. The first and the most famous travel organizer.
_______5. travel to the cultural centres in Europe.
_______6. The term given to medicinal baths.
_______7. A combination of stables and sleeping accommodations which provided
shelters from sandstorms.
_______8. the illegal use of private vehicles for public use.
_______9. A soup vendor in Paris who established the first restaurant.
______10. The Hebrew word from which the word “tourism” was derived.
Performance task:

Make a Sequence of Events Flow Chart showing the History of Tourism and
Hospitality.

30 Points 20 points 10 points Comments

The Flowchart The Flowchart The Flowchart
clearly shows the shows the shows the
proper sequence of sequence of events sequence of events
events in the in the history of in the history of
history of tourism tourism and tourism and
and Hospitality hospitality industry hospitality industry
industry. with minimal with minimal
It is clean, errors. errors.
presentable and It is clean and It is presentable.
artistically made. presentable.