CE 408

Steel Design
Chapter 2:
Design Methods, Load Combinations,
and Gravity Loads
 CHAPTER 2

Design Methods, Load

Combinations, and
Gravity Loads
Design Philosophies
Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD)
Goal of Structural Design
The primary goal of Structural Design is to size
members and components of a system to adequately
and safely sustain loads.

How do we ensure Safety in a

reliable way?

We have to address Uncertainty in:

 Loads (Or Actions).
 Resistance.
Goal of Structural Design
Examples of Uncertainty:
Loads or Actions Resistance

Load Estimation Material Quality

Possible Overloading Fabrication tolerance

Different possibilities of
Construction (Poor workmanship)
different load cases
Goal of Structural Design

Design Philosophies

Allowable Load & Resistance

Strength Design Factor Design (LRFD)
(ASD)
Goal of Structural Design

Design Philosophies

Allowable Load & Resistance

Strength Design Factor Design (LRFD)
(ASD)
 Based on Safety factors.
Rn /    Qi
Rn : Nominal resistance (strength) of the structural elements.
Q : working/service/un-factored load (or load effect) on the
structural element.
 :Safety Factor
Goal of Structural Design

Design Philosophies

Allowable Load & Resistance

Strength Design Factor Design (LRFD)
(ASD)
 Probabilistic approach.
Rn   iQi
Rn : Nominal resistance (strength) of the structural elements.
Q : working/service/un-factored load (or load effect) on the
structural element.
f : Strength-reduction factor which is less than unity.
 : Load factor greater than 1.
Saudi Building Codes
 SBC 301, Saudi Building Code: Loads and Forces
Requirements, 2007.
 SBC 304, Saudi Building Code: Concrete Structures
Requirements, 2007.
 SBC 306, Saudi Building Code: Steel Structures
Requirements, 2007.
 ACI 318M-14, American Concrete Institute: Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete, Farmington Hills,
Michigan.
Saudi Building Codes
Saudi Building Codes
 ASCE 10-7, American Society of Civil Engineers: Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 2007.
 UBC 1997, Uniform Building Code, 1997.
 IBC 2009, International Building Code, 2009.
Introduction
Design Code:
AISC [2016] Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings,
ANSI/AISC 360-16, American
Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago, Illinois, USA.
 In our Course, we will
focus on “LRFD” Design
Method
Load & Resistance Factor Design
 If we are designing a beam, the governing straining
action is bending moment:

Mn  D MD+  L ML +….

Mn : Nominal resistance (strength) of the beam.

MD, ML : working/service/un-factored dead, live

bending moment on the beam.
f : Strength-reduction factor which is less than unity.
 : Load factor greater than 1.
Load & Resistance Factor Design
ASCE 7-10 provides 7 LRFD load combinations:
f1 = 1.0 For Garages or Live Load > 5.0 kN/m2
f1 = 0.5 For other types of structures

f1

f1
Load & Resistance Factor Design
ASCE 7-10 provides 7 LRFD load combinations:
f1 = 1.0 For Garages or Live Load > 5.0 kN/m2
f1 = 0.5 For other types of structures

Maximum of these load

f1

f1

combinations govern the

design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Example 2-1: Solution
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Load & Resistance Factor Design
Structural Loads
Loads
Loads

Gravity Loads Lateral Loads

Dead Live Rain Snow

Loads Load Load Load

Floor Live Roof Live Wind Earthquake Other Lateral

Load Load Load Load Loads

 Earth Pressure  Blast

 Water Pressure  Impact Loads
Structural Loads
Gravity loads:
- Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and
attachments
- Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants,
vehicles)
Structural Loads
Structural Loads
Loads: Dead Loads (Fixed Loads)
 The weight of the building components (self weight,
partitions, tile, fill).
 The weight of fixed service equipment (mechanical).
Loads: Live Loads
Live Loads (LL) –transient and moving loads:
 Loads produced by the use and occupancy of a
building.
 Live load may be variable during a structure’s
lifetime.
 Specified in building codes.
Loads: Live Loads

Take values of Live loads from Codes:

Loads: Snow Loads
Snow Load Force of accumulated snow on a roof Specified in
building codes (or local building department).
Loads: Lateral Loads
 Wind Loads.
 Earthquake Loads.
 Flood Loads.
 Earth Pressure Loads.
Loads: Wind Loads
Resulting loads yield:
 Lateral load on walls.
 Windward and leeward pressure on roofs.
 Overturning of the structure.
It is specified in building codes
Loads: Earthquake Loads
 Vertical and lateral forces (dynamic and complicated).
 Building codes can simplify loading.
Loads: Flood Loads

 Lateral forces resulting from static and dynamic water

pressure.
 Building codes specify that buildings be constructed
above the flood elevation or flood-proofed.

 Design requirements
dependent on flood
zone.
Loads: Soil Pressure Loads

 Soil adjacent to a structure will apply a lateral force.

 Magnitude increases with depth.