Chapter 3-std

CE 408
Steel Design
Chapter 3:
Design of Tension Members
Introduction
Types of Internal Forces:
 Under applied loads, an element can be subjected to:
Compression, Tension, Torsion, or Bending.
Tension Members
 Tension members are axially loaded members stressed in
tension and are used in steel structures in various forms.
 They are used in trusses as web and chord members,

hanger and sag rods, diagonal bracing for lateral stability
Cantilever Part in
Homework
Tension Members
 The basic design check for a tension member is to provide
enough cross-sectional area to resist the applied tensile
force.
 The fundamental mechanics are straightforward:

Consider a member that is subjected to Tension, then the
stress on that member can be calculated as P/A.
Where:
P: Applied axial load, A: Cross-sectional area.
P P
Area A
Tension Members
Consider a member that is subjected to Tension, then the
stress on that member can be calculated as P/A.
Where:
P: Applied axial load, A: Cross-sectional area.
If we choose a limiting stress (flimit), then:
Pmax = flimit x A
Pmax Pmax
Area A
Tension Members
 In Structural Engineering, we call this condition a limit
state.
Limit State: a condition of a structure beyond which it no
longer fulfils the relevant design criteria.
 Usually, we deal with two general types of limit states:

 Strength/Safety: Failure of component.
 Serviceability: Excessive deformation, buckling..etc.
Pmax Pmax
Area A
4.2 Analysis of
Tension Members
Tension Members
Considering the following tension member,
What are the expected Limit

States?
Tension Members
Considering the following tension member,
What are the expected Limit

States?
Bolts for
Connection
Tension Members
Strength Limit State:
Yielding at the gross section.
Tension Members
Yielding at the gross section.
Tension Members
Yielding in the gross section.
P n = f y x Ag
Where
Pn: Nominal capacity
fy: yield strength (MPa)
Ag: Gross sectional area of section (mm2)
t : Resistance factor (t = 0.9)

Tension Members
Example 1:
A flat plate 200 mm wide x 25 mm thick is to be used as a tie.
Erection consideration require that the bar be constructed
from two parts with a lap splice using six M20 bolts as
shown. Calculate the design yielding strength at the gross
section knowing that fy = 250 MPa and fu = 360 MPa.
Tension Members
Example 1: (Solution)
Gross sectional area (Ag) = 200 x 25 = 5000 mm2
Pn = fy x Ag
Pn = 250 x 5000 = 1250000 N / 1000 = 1250 kN

Given material property
Tension Members
Pn = 250 x 5000 = 1250000 N / 1000 = 1250 kN
Design yielding strength at gross section ( Pn )
= 0.9 x 1250 = 1125 kN

Tension Members
Fracture at the net section.
Note:
For net section fracture, the length over which the net area is
effective is small. Hence, what we are concerned with is
fracture not yielding.
Tension Members
Fracture at the gross section.
Pn = f u x A e
Where
fu: tensile strength (MPa)
Ae: Effective net area of section (mm2)

Tension Members
Calculation of Effective Net Area:
Ae = A n x U
Where
An: Net area (mm2)

U: Shear lag factor.
Tension Members
Punching & Drilling Holes in Steel Plates
Bolted Steel Connections
Bolt Head
Nut
Threaded Part Bolt Shank

Bolt Properties:
AISC 2010
Bolt Diameter = 16 mm
Bolt Properties:
AISC-360
Nominal Hole Dimensions:
The diameter of Hole has to be larger than the diameter of
the bolt.
Steel Plate
Clearance
Bolt
Diameter
Hole
Diameter
Bolted Steel Connections AISC-360

The maximum sizes of holes for bolts are given in Table J3.3
or Table J3.3M as below
Tension Members Calculation of
Net Area
Example 2:
Determine the net area of the 10 mm x 200 mm plate shown
in Figure. The plate is connected at its end with two lines of
M20 bolts.
Pl. 5 x 200 mm Pl. 10 x 200 mm
Pl. 5 x 200 mm
Net Area
Net Area (An) = Ag – Area lost due to bolt holes
10 mm
200 mm
Pl. 5 x 200 mm Pl. 10 x 200 mm
Pl. 5 x 200 mm
Net Area
Ag = 10 x 200 = 2000 mm2

Area of Holes = No. of holes x (Bolt diameter + clearance) x
Clearance
Thickness Bolt Diameter
20 + 2 = 22
10 mm
200 mm

Net Area
Net Area (An) = 2000 – 440 = 1560 mm2
Ag = 10 x 200 = 2000 mm2

Area of Holes = 2 x (20 + 2) x 10 = 440 mm2
Two Holes Clearance
Bolt Diameter
20 + 2 = 22
10 mm
200 mm
Net Area
Example 3:
Calculate the net area of the shown rolled section.
W24x229 and M20 Bolts are used.
W24x229
Tension Members
Properties of W24x229 from Tables:
Tension Members
Gross Area = 43400 mm2

Thickness of Flange (tf) = 43.9 mm
Thickness of web (tw) = 24.4 mm

Net Area


Net Area

= 43400 – 4 x (22)x 43.9 = 39536.8 mm2
Tension Members
Design Strength of Tension
Member (Pt)
the smaller of
Tensile Yielding at Tensile Fracture at the

Gross Section net effective area
t Pn = t fy x Ag t Pn = t fu x Ae
Where Where
Pn: Nominal capacity Pn: Nominal capacity
fy: yield strength (MPa) fu: tensile strength (MPa)
Ag: Gross sectional area of section Ae: Effective net area of section
t : Resistance factor (t = 0.9) t : Resistance factor (t = 0.75)
Net Area in Case of Staggered Bolt Arrangement:
 Staggered Bolt arrangement is used to increase the net
area Or if bolt spacing is limited.
 One of the added complications of staggered bolt
arrangement is the possibility of multiple failure paths.
 All possible failure paths must be investigated.
Failure can happen on Line ABDE or Line ABCDE

 Consider the following plate with the shown Bolt
Arrangement, there are several possible failure line.
 Possible Failure Line (1)
 Can we consider the following as Possible Failure Line:
No, it can not be

considered.
 Why can not this be considered as possible failure line?
After separation,
all bolts have to
remain at one side
 We have to investigate them and choose the Worst
Case Scenario.
Choose line with the

smallest Net Area
 To handle staggered bolt line, the stagger factor need to
be used:
Stagger Factor =
 To handle staggered bolt line, the stagger factor need to
be used:
Stagger Factor =
We will have to add a stagger factor for each

diagonal line on the considered failure path
 The final expression for net area will be:
dh: Hole Diameter.

t: Material thickness.
Net Area in Case of Welded Connection:
 In this case, there is no material removed from base
material:
An = A g
Net Area
Example 4:
Calculate the net area for the shown plate.
M20 Bolts are used.
65
90
310
90
65
Pl. 310x25 mm 40 mm
Net Area
M20 Bolts are used.
s = 40 mm 65
g = 90 mm 90 g
310
t = 25 mm (Thickness s
90
of Plate)
65
Pl. 310x25 mm 40 mm
Net Area
M20 Bolts are used.
Ag = 310x25 = 7750 mm2

65
Bolt Hole: g
90
db = 20 mm (Bolt Diameter)
310
s
dh = 22 mm(Hole Diameter) 90
65
Pl. 310x25 mm 40 mm
Net Area
A
We have to define 65
possible Failure lines.

90
310 B
90
65
C
Pl. 310x25 mm 40 mm
Net Area
A
65
90
310 B
90
65
C
40 mm
Stagger Factor Bolt Holes Failure Line

0 1 ABC
Net Area
A
65
90
310 B
90
65
Failure Line (1): C
Bolt Hole No. 40 mm
Line ABC
An= 7750 – (1x22x25) + 0
Stagger Factor
2
Net Area
A D
65
E
90
310 B
90
65
C
40 mm

1 2 DEBC
Net Area
A D
65
E
90
310 B
90
65
Failure Line (2): C
40 mm
Line DEBC Bolt Hole No.
Stagger Factor No.
x25 = 6761.1 mm2
Net Area
A D
65
E
90
310 B
90
F
65
C G
40 mm

2 3 DEBFG
Net Area
A D
65
E
90
310 B
90
F
65
Failure Line (3): C G
40 mm
Line DEBFG Bolt Hole No.
Stagger Factor No.
x25 = 6322.2 mm2
Net Area
Failure Line (1):
Line ABC
An= 7750 – (1x22x25) + 0 = 7200 mm2
Failure Line (2):

Line DEBC
x25 = 6761.1 mm2
Failure Line (3):

Line DEBFG
x25 = 6322.2 mm2
Tension Members
Calculation of Effective Net Area:
Ae = A n x U
We have learned how to
calculate the net Area. We will discuss How to
determine shear lag Factor
Where
An: Net area (mm2)

Tension Members
Shear Lag Factor, U:
 When connecting tension members, usually we do not
connect all the components.
 For example, for the shown W-shape, only the flanges
are connected. (Web is not connected)
 It is expected that this will affect the behaviour of the
connection.
Tension Members
 Stresses within the web will have to be re-distributed to
the flanges at the connection.
 The stress trajectory around the connection causes the
efficiency of the connection area to be reduced.
 This phenomenon is called

“Shear Lag”.
One part is taking the stress and
another part of the section is
taking a while to catch up
Tension Members
 Shear Lag: it is a complex phenomenon that requires
either long calculations or advanced computer
modelling to capture its effect.
Example of Stress
Contour Lines
Tension Members
When using this table, many
Shear Lag Factor, U: cases may be applicable
 To account for “Shear Lag”, we use shear lag factor
(U).
Tension Members
 Shear Lag Factors try to account to the inefficiency of
the connection when we are not connecting every
element.
 Case 1 implies that if you have connected every

element in the member then U = 1.0.
Tension Members
 If you have a single plate like below:
65
90
310
90
U = 1.0
65
Pl. 310x25 mm 40 mm
Tension Members
 Case 2
U=1–X/L
L: Length of connection (mm)
X: Eccentricity of connection (mm)

Tension Members
 Case 2: Eccentricity of Connection (X)
Connection eccentricity is
defined from the
connected face of the
member to its centroid.
Tension Members
defined from the
Tension Members Bolted
Connection
 Case 2: Length of connection (l)
p: Distance bt. Bolts
(a)
As the connection
length increases,
the stress has more
room to propagate
(b)
across the member.
Connection
p: Distance bt. Bolts
As the connection (a)

length increases, U(b) > U(a)
the stress has more
room to propagate
across the member. (b)
Connection
 Case 2: Length of connection (l) – For Staggered
Connection
Connection length is taken as the out-to-out distance

between bolt holes.
Tension Members Welded
Connection
Connection length is taken as the average longitudinal weld

length.
Tension Members
Serviceability Limit State:
Tension Members
These slenderness limitations are in place to prevent:
 Excessive sag.
 Excessive vibrations.
 Damage during shipping.
 Damage during erection.
 Excessive deflection under member own weight.
Tension Members
Slenderness is not a direct design concern for tension
members.
L/r ≤ 300 (Recommended)
Where:
L: Length of member. L
r: Radius of gyration.
r = or given in Tables
Use minimum of rx and ry for symmetric shapes.

Use minimum r with respect to principal axes for unsymmetric
shapes.
Tension Members
Example 5:
Determine the design axial capacity of the following tension
member. Also, determine if the member meets recommended
slenderness limits.
 12-m-long W8x24
 A992 steel: fy = 345 MPa, fu = 450 MPa.
40
 M20 Bolts. 50 75 75 75
W8x24
Tension Members
Example 5:
Properties of W8x24 from Tables
Ag = 4570 mm2 Width of Flange (bf) = 165 mm
Thickness of Flange (tf) = 10.2 mm Height of Section (h) = 201 mm

Tension Members
Properties of W8x24 from Given Table:
 Ag = 4570 mm2
 Thickness of Flange (tf) = 10.2 mm
 Width of Flange (bf) = 165 mm

 Height of Section (h)
40 = 201 mm 50 75 75 75
W8x24
Tension Members
Member (Pt)
the smaller of

Where Where
Tension Members
Yielding in the gross section.
t Pn = t fy x Ag
= 0.9 x 345 x 4570 /1000 = 1419 kN

Where
fy: yield strength (MPa)
Ag: Gross sectional area of section (mm2)

Tension Members
 t P n =  t fu x A e
Where

Tension Members
Ae = A n x U
Where
An: Net area (mm2)

An = Ag – Area lost due to bolt holes
= 4570 – 4xdhxtf = 4570 – 4x22x10.2 = 3672.4 mm2


Tension Members
Ae = A n x U
Where
An: Net area (mm2)

For “Shear Lag” Calculation, Case 2 and 7 from table can be

applied.
Tension Members
 Case 2
U=1–X/L
L: Length of connection (mm)
X: Eccentricity of connection (mm)

Tension Members
defined from the
Tension Members
Half of W8x24 corresponds to
WT4x12
Tension Members
X = y (in Tables) = 17.7mm

Tension Members
Length of Connection (l)
40 50 75 75 75
W8x24
l = 3 x 75 = 225 mm
Tension Members
U=1–X/L
= 1 – 17.7 / 225 = 0.921
L = 225 mm
X = 17.7 mm
Tension Members
Shear Lag Factor, U: Using Case 7
bf = 165 mm > 2/3 * d = 2/3*201 = 134 mm

U = 0.90
Tension Members
U = 0.921 (Using Case 2)
We can take U as the larger value.

 U = 0.921
Tension Members
Ae = A n x U
= 3672.4 x 0.921 = 3382.28 mm2
Where
An: Net area (mm2)

Tension Members
t Pn = t fu x Ae
= 0.75 x 450 x 3382.28 / 1000 = 1141.5 kN
Where

Tension Members
Member (Pt)
the smaller of

= 1419 kN = 1141.5 kN
 t Pn = 1141.5 kN
Tension Members
Example 5: (Solution):
Check on Slenderness Ratio:
L/r ≤ 300 (Recommended)
Where:
L (Length of member) = 12 m (Given)
r: Radius of gyration, Use minimum of rx and ry for symmetric
shapes.
Get the value of rx and ry from Tables

for the Given Section, W8 x 24
Tension Members
Example 5:
rx = 86.8 mm
ry = 40.9 mm
Tension Members
Example 5:
rx = 86.8 mm
 rmin= ry = 40.9 mm
ry = 40.9 mm
Tension Members
Example 5: (Solution):
Check on Slenderness Ratio:
L/r = 12x1000/40.9 = 293.4 ≤ 300
 O.K. Slenderness value is less than the

recommended value.
Tension Member Design
 Till now, we have learned how to analyse a tension
member  Determine its capacity.
 In the following, we will learn how to design a tension
member. This means:
 Selecting suitable sections that are both safe and
economic.
 For structural engineers, this means the lightest
possible section to meet load demands.
 Hence, the goal of any design is to select the lightest
possible member.
 The requirements of Tension Members as per AISC
code are:
 Yielding at the Gross Section limit.
 Fracture at the Net Section Limit.
 Slenderness Ratio Limit.

 In this case, straining actions due to different load
cases are given and it is required to determine:
 The required gross sectional area.
 The suitable section shape.
 Solving for Gross Section Area:
 Solving for Radius of Gyration (Slenderness Limit):

 Solving for Net Section Area:
 Solving this equation is complicated as it involves many

unknowns.
 Hence, to select a member, iterations are necessary
and assumptions need to be set.
 To simplify the problem, we will make the following
assumption:
 Solving for net cross section area, we get:

 We can summarize the previous equations as:
 Note:
The above gross area is based on an assumed effective
net area, Ae.
Hence, once we select a member, we have to analyse it to
verify that its capacity is larger than ultimate tension
load.
 How to measure Economy of selected section?
(Whether the design is effective or not)
 This ratio need to be 90% or greater in order to

consider that the selected member is economical.
Tension Members
Example 6:
Choose a suitable wide flange section, considering the
following:
 Member is 10-m-long.
Start with W12x??
 PD = 580 kN
100 100
 PL = 490 kN
 Assume using
A992 Steel
fy = 345 MPa,
fu = 450 MPa.
Tension Members
1. Calculate ultimate applied load
 PD = 580 kN
 PL = 490 kN
Pu1 = 1.4 PD = 1.4x580 = 812 kN
Pu2 = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2x580 + 1.6x490 = 1480 kN
\ Pu = Max( Pu1 , Pu2) = 1480 kN

2. Calculate approximate required Gross Sectional Area:
=
= 5846.9 mm2
Tension Members
3. Calculate minimum required radius of gyration:
= = 33.33 mm
Tension Members
Try choosing W12x??

From Tables that has
Ag,min = 5846.9 mm2 rmin= 33.33 mm

Tension Members
Example 6: (Solution) Ag,min = 5846.9 mm2
Choose W12x35: Ag = 6670 mm2

Tension Members
Example 6: (Solution) rmin = 33.33 mm
For W12x35: rmin = Min.(rx, ry) = Min.(134, 39.3) = 39.3 mm

Tension Members
From Table, Properties of W12x35:
Ag = 6670 mm2
rmin = Min.(rx, ry) = Min.(134, 39.3) = 39.3 mm
bf = 167 mm
d = 318 mm
tf = 13.2 mm
Take care that this choice is still a

trial and need to be checked
Tension Members Check on Design
Member (Pt)
the smaller of

Where Where
Tensile Yielding at Gross Section:
t Pn = t fy x Ag
= 0.9 x 345 x 6670 /1000 = 2071 kN
> Pu = 1480 kN
 Section is safe with respect to tensile yielding at gross
section
Tensile Fracture at the net effective area:

t Pn = t fu x Ae = t fu x U x An
An = Ag – Area lost due to bolt holes

= 6670 – 4xdhxtf = 6670 – 4x22x13.2 = 5508.4 mm2
After calculating An, we need to

calculate Factor, U
Tension Members
Half of W12x35 corresponds to
WT6x17.5
Tension Members
X = y (in Tables) = 33 mm
Tension Members
Length of Connection (l)
100 100
l = 2 x 100 = 200 mm
Tension Members
U=1–X/L
= 1 – 33 / 200 = 0.835
L = 200 mm
X = 33 mm
Tension Members
Shear Lag Factor, U: Using Case 7
bf = 167 mm < 2/3 * d = 2/3*318 = 212 mm

U = 0.85
Tension Members
We can take U as the larger value.

 U = 0.85
Tensile Fracture at the net effective area:

t Pn = t fu x Ae = t fu x U x An
= 0.75 x 450 x 0.85 x 5508.4 /1000 = 1580.2 kN
> Pu = 1480 kN
 Section is safe with respect to tensile fracture at net
effective area
Tension Members
Check Efficiency of Design:
Efficiency of Section = Pu / t Pn = 1480 / 1580.2
= 0.937 = 93.7 %
Use W12 x 35
4.3 Block Shear
Tension Members This check is
Strength Limit State: required for
Block shear rupture. connection
Incudes:
configuration
 Tension fracture along one path.
 Shear fracture along another path.
Tension Members
Block shear rupture:
Rn = Min. of:
 0.60fu x Anv + Ubs fuAnt
 0.60fy x Agv + Ubs fuAnt
Where
Agv: Gross area in shear (mm2)
Anv: Net area in shear (mm2)
Ant: Net area in tension (mm2)
Ubs: Block shear reduction factor, Ubs = 1 (Uniform tension

Tension Members
For the same connection, we may encounter several
possible block shear rupture failure paths.
Tension Members
For the same connection, we may encounter several
possible block shear rupture failure paths.
Tension Plane Tension Plane
Shear Planes Shear Plane

Tension Members
Which one governs?
Tension Plane Tension Plane
Shear Planes Shear Plane
We have to check both!

Tension Members
Exercise:
Determine the type of failure planes for the shown
connection.
Tension Members
Exercise:
Determine the type of failure planes for the shown
connection.
Tension Plane
Tension Plane
Shear Planes
Tension Plane
Tension Members
Example 7:
Determine the design block shear rupture capacity of the
shown tension member.
 12-m-long W8x24
 A992 steel: fy = 345 MPa, fu = 450 MPa.
 M20 Bolts.
40
50 75 75 75
W8x24
Tension Members
First, Let’s draw a plan view of the connection.
40
50 75 75 75
W8x24
Pu
Tension Members
Possible Shear Rupture Failure Paths
Pu
Tension Members
Pu
It can be seen that the first failure path is

more critical as it has less area
Tension Members
Pu
It is repeated
four times
Consider this case

in our solution
Tension Members
Pu
It is repeated
four times
Calculate Rn for one of them

and then multiply by Four
Tension Members
40
50 75 75 75
W8x24
Pu
40
275
Tension Members
40
50 75 75 75
W8x24
Pu
Shear Plane
40 Tension
275 Plane
Tension Members
Then calculate gross area in shear and tension.
40
50 75 75 75
tf = 10.2 mm
W8x24
Agv = 275 x 10.2 Pu

Shear Plane
= 2805 mm2
40 Tension
Agt = 40 x 10.2
275 Plane
= 408 mm2
Tension Members
Then calculate net area in shear and tension.
Anv = Agv - Area of Holes

= 2805 - (3.5 x 22 x 10.2) = 2019.6 mm2
Ant = Agt - Area of Holes

= 408 - (0.5 x 22 x 10.2) = 295.8 mm2
Pu
Shear Plane
Ubs = 1.0
40 Tension
275 Plane
Tension Members Total Rn = 4xRncal
Then calculate Block Shear Rupture Resistance.
Rncal = Min. of:
 0.60fu x Anv + Ubs fuAnt

= (0.6x450x 2019.6 + 1.0x450x 295.8)/1000
= 678.4 kN
 0.60fy x Agv + Ubs fuAnt
= (0.6x345x2805 + 1.0x450x295.8)/1000 = 713.7 kN

Pu
Rncal = 678.4 kN
Tension Members Total Rn = 4xRncal
Then calculate Total Block Shear Rupture Resistance.
Rncal = 678.4 kN
Rn = 4x678.4 = 2713.6 kN
Rn = 0.75x2713.6 = 2035.2 kN

Tension Members
Then calculate Total Block Shear Rupture Resistance.
Rn = 0.75x2713.6 = 2035.2 kN
The design block shear rupture capacity = 2035.2 kN

Tension Members
Example 7: (Remarks)
This example has same dimensions as Example 4.
Recall the yielding and fracture resistances as follows:
Tensile Yielding at
Gross Section t Pn = 1419 kN
Tensile Fracture at the

net effective area t Pn = 1141.5 kN
Design block shear

rupture capacity Rn = 2035.2 kN
Tension Members
This example has same dimensions as Example 4.
Recall the yielding and fracture resistances as follows:
Tensile Yielding at
Gross Section t Pn = 1419 kN Not Governing
Tensile Fracture at the

net effective area t Pn = 1141.5 kN
Design block shear

rupture capacity Rn = 2035.2 kN
Not Governing
Tension Members
What would you do if Design Block Shear

Capacity was the governing Quantity?
Increase Rn by changing bolt arrangement
(e.g., Increase spacing between bolts)

Chapter 3-std

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CE 408

 They are used in trusses as web and chord members,

 The fundamental mechanics are straightforward:

If we choose a limiting stress (flimit), then:

 Usually, we deal with two general types of limit states:

What are the expected Limit

What are the expected Limit

fy: yield strength (MPa)

Ag: Gross sectional area of section (mm2)

t : Resistance factor (t = 0.9)

Gross sectional area (Ag) = 200 x 25 = 5000 mm2

Pn = 250 x 5000 = 1250000 N / 1000 = 1250 kN

Pn = 250 x 5000 = 1250000 N / 1000 = 1250 kN

Design yielding strength at gross section ( Pn )

= 0.9 x 1250 = 1125 kN

fu: tensile strength (MPa)

Ae: Effective net area of section (mm2)

t : Resistance factor (t = 0.75)

An: Net area (mm2)

Threaded Part Bolt Shank

Nominal Hole Dimensions:

Pl. 5 x 200 mm Pl. 10 x 200 mm

Pl. 5 x 200 mm Pl. 10 x 200 mm

Ag = 10 x 200 = 2000 mm2

Nominal Hole Dimensions:

Ag = 10 x 200 = 2000 mm2

Gross Area = 43400 mm2

Thickness of web (tw) = 24.4 mm

Thickness of web (tw) = 24.4 mm

Net Area (An) = Ag – Area lost due to bolt holes

Nominal Hole Dimensions:

Thickness of web (tw) = 24.4 mm

Net Area (An) = Ag – Area lost due to bolt holes

Tensile Yielding at Tensile Fracture at the

Failure can happen on Line ABDE or Line ABCDE

No, it can not be

Choose line with the

We will have to add a stagger factor for each

dh: Hole Diameter.

Ag = 310x25 = 7750 mm2

possible Failure lines.

Stagger Factor Bolt Holes Failure Line

Stagger Factor Bolt Holes Failure Line

Stagger Factor Bolt Holes Failure Line

Failure Line (2):

Failure Line (3):

An: Net area (mm2)

 This phenomenon is called

 Case 1 implies that if you have connected every

X: Eccentricity of connection (mm)

p: Distance bt. Bolts

p: Distance bt. Bolts

As the connection (a)

Connection length is taken as the out-to-out distance

Connection length is taken as the average longitudinal weld

Use minimum of rx and ry for symmetric shapes.

Ag = 4570 mm2 Width of Flange (bf) = 165 mm

Thickness of Flange (tf) = 10.2 mm Height of Section (h) = 201 mm

 Thickness of Flange (tf) = 10.2 mm

 Width of Flange (bf) = 165 mm

Tensile Yielding at Tensile Fracture at the

= 0.9 x 345 x 4570 /1000 = 1419 kN