CE 408

Steel Design
Chapter 5:

Non-composite Beams
5.1 Introduction
Internal Forces:
Under applied loads,an element can be
subjected to: Compression, Tension, Torsion, or
Bending.
Non-composite Beams
 Beams are one of the most fundamental elements in
many civil engineering structures.

 Under bending, part of the beam

is subjected to
Tension and part is subjected to Compression.

 Hence, we have to consider yielding in addition to

buckling.
Non-composite Beams
 Beams are subjected to both shear and
normal
stresses.

 Let’s consider a beam subjected to different types of

loads and consider taking a section within this
beam.
Non-composite Beams
 The Normal Stress Distribution due to Bending
will be as follows:
c
Muxyc
c = Ix
Mu
yc
d You can see that
the Maximum
stress is when y =
yt d/2
Muxyt
t t = Ix
Non-composite Beams
 The Normal Stress Distribution due to Bending
will
be as follows:
Muxyc

c Ix
=
Mu
yc
max = Muxd/2
d Ix

yt max = Mu
Ix
d/2

t Ix
Sx =
d/2
Elastic Section Modulus
Non-composite Beams
Sxc = Ix , Sxt = Ix
cxc cxt

Sxc: Section modulus to the compression flange.

cxc: Distance from the centroid to extreme
compression fiber.
Sxt: Section modulus to the tension flange.
cxt: Distance from the centroid to extreme
tension fiber.
Non-composite Beams
 Based on previous slides, Yield Moment can
be calculated as per follows:
My = Fy . Sx
 We have to consider that
if the section is not

symmetric, My has to be calculated for tension and

compression flanges:
Myc = Fy . Sxc The lowest will
govern
Myt = Fy . Sxt
Non-composite Beams
 Normal Stress Distribution at value of Moment (My)
Fy

My
yc
d These parts of the
section have not
reached the yielding
yt stress yet.

Fy Section can still

support more loads
Non-composite Beams
 If moment increased beyond My.
Fy

yc
M >My d These parts of the
section have not
reached the yielding
yt stress yet.

Fy Section can still

support more loads
 Non-composite Beams
 The plastic moment Mp is the maximum moment a
beam can take.
Fy

Mp yc d Fy The whole section

Fy has reached yielding
stress.
yt

Fy
Non-composite Beams
 The plastic moment Mp is the maximum moment
a beam can take.
Fy

yc
Mp d Fy The whole section
Fy has reached yielding
stress.
yt
How can we calculate
Fy
Mp?
Non-composite Beams
 The Normal Stress Distribution due to Bending
will be as follows:
Fy

My
yc
d These parts of the
section have not
reached the yielding
yt stress yet.

Fy
 Non-composite Beams
 Based on previous slides, Plastic Moment can
be calculated as per follows:
Mp = Fy . Zx
Zx: Plastic section modulus (From Tables)
 We have to consider that
if the section is not
symmetric, Mp has to be calculated for tension and
The lowest will
compression flanges: govern
Mpc = Fy . Zxc
Mpt = Fy . Zxt
5.2 Classification of
Beams
Local Buckling
Beam Classification
(Local Buckling)

Compact Noncompact Slender

Section Section
Section

A compact section reaches its cross-sectional

material strength, or capacity, before local buckling
occurs
Local Buckling
Beam Classification
(Local Buckling)

Compact Noncompact Slender

Section Section
Section

A section: only a portion of the

noncompact
cross-section reaches its yield strength before
local buckling occurs
Local Buckling
Beam Classification
(Local Buckling)

Compact Noncompact Slender

Section Section
Section

A slender section: the cross-section does not

yield and the strength of the member is
governed by local buckling
Local Buckling
 Then, Use B4.1b, to any given
classify
Table section:
Local Buckling
 Then, Use B4.1b, to any given
classify
Table section:
Local Buckling
Beam Classification
(Local Buckling)

Compact Noncompact Slender

Section Section
Section

p r
Local Buckling
Example 1:
Determine the with respect to
local
classification buckling of a
= 345 MPa. Check
W18x35 for Fy the flange and
both
the web.
Example 1: (Solution)

T = 392 mm bf = 152 mm
tw = 7.62 mm tf = 10.8
mm
Example 1: (Solution)

b = bf / 2 = 152/ 2 = 76 mm b/tf = 7.04 < p = 9.15

b/tf = 76/10.8 = 7.04 Flange is compact.
p = 0.38 200*103/345 = 9.15
 Example 1: (Solution)

h = T = 392 mm h/tw = 51.44 < p = 90.5

h/tw = 392/7.62 = 51.44 Web is compact.
p = 3.76 200*103/345 = 90.5
Lateral Bracing of Beams
 Part of the beam is subjected to compression.

 Hence, Beams have buckling (Lateral

Torsional Buckling).
 Lateral Bracing of Beams
 Examples of Lateral Bracing:

Lb

This type of buckling depend on the unbraced

length of the beam (Lb).
Lateral Bracing of Beams
 To decide whether the lateral unbraced length is
large or not, we have to determine two lengths L p
and Lr.

ry: Radius of gyration around y axis (From

Tables)
Take Lr: 10
5.3 Design Strength in
Bending for Compact
Shapes
Design Strength in Bending
 Beams are governed by the following equation:
Mu ≤ b Mn
Where:
b = 0.9
Mn: The nominal moment and is function of:
 Lateral torsional buckling.
 Flange local buckling.
 Web local buckling.
Design Strength in Bending
 For beams in which:

 Flange is compact with respect to local buckling.

 Web is compact with respect to local buckling.

 Unbraced length (Lb) is less than Lp and Lr.

The above three conditions have

to be satisfied
Design Strength in Bending
 For beams in which:

 Flange is compact with respect to local buckling.

 Web is compact with respect to local buckling.

 Unbraced length (Lb) is less than Lp and Lr.

The above three conditions

have to be satisfied

In this case, the beam can reach the plastic moment

capacity
Design Strength in Bending
 For continuously braced and compact beams:
Mn = Mp = Fy.Zx for Lb < Lp
Where:
Mp: Plastic moment capacity. Fy: yield stress.
Zx: plastic section modulus about X-axis.
Local Buckling
Example 2:
Determine the bending strength, or moment
design
capacity,bMn, for a W14x74 flexural member of ASTM
A572(Fy=345MPa), assuming continuous lateral
support.
Example 2: (Solution)
Step 1: Check local buckling of the beam (W14x74)

T = 280 mm bf = 256 mm
tw = 11.4 mm tf = 19.9
mm
Example 2: (Solution)

b = bf / 2 = 256/ 2 = 128 mm
b/tf = 6.43 < p = 9.15
b/tf = 128/19.9 = 6.43
Flange is compact.
p = 0.38 200*103/345 = 9.15
Example 2: (Solution)

h = T = 280 mm
h/tw = 280/11.4 = 24.6 h/tw = 24.6 < p = 90.5

p = 3.76 200*103/345 = 90.5 Web is compact.

Example 2: (Solution)
Step 2: Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced
length (Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0
Mn = Fy.Zx

Zx = 2060x103 mm3
Example 2: (Solution)
Step 2: Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced
length (Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0

Mn = Fy.Zx

= 345 x 2060x103 /106 = 710.7 kN.m

bMn = 0.9 * 710.7 = 639.63 kN.m

Design Bending Strength (bMn) = 639.63 kN.m

 Design Strength in Bending
 Beams are governed by the following equation:
Mu ≤ b Mn
Where:
b = 0.9
Mn: The nominal moment and is function of:
 Lateral torsional buckling.
 Flange local buckling.
 Web local buckling.
Design Strength in Bending
 If Lp < Lb < Lr

Where:
Mp: Plastic moment capacity. (=Fy.Zx)
Fy: yield stress.
Sx: elastic section modulus about X-axis. Lb:
unbraced length.
Cb: Moment gradient factor (We will consider Cb = 1)
Design Strength in Bending
= 1.0
 If Lb > Lr
Local Buckling:
Example 3:
Determine the bending strength, or moment
design
capacity,bMn, for a W14x74 flexural member of ASTM
A572(Fy=345MPa), Consider Lb = 4.5 m.
Example 3: (Solution)
Step 1: Check local buckling of the beam (W14x74)

T = 280 mm bf = 256 mm
tw = 11.4 mm tf = 19.9
mm
Example 3: (Solution)

b = bf / 2 = 256/ 2 = 128 mm b/tf = 6.43 < p = 9.15

b/tf = 128/19.9 = 6.43 Flange is compact.

p = 0.38 200*103/345 = 9.15

Example 3: (Solution)

h = T = 280 mm h/tw = 24.6 < p = 90.5

h/tw = 280/11.4 = 24.6 Web is compact.
p = 3.76 200*103/345 = 90.5
Example 3: (Solution)

Step 2: Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced

length (Lb)

The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 4.5 m

We have to calculate Lp and Lr.

Lp = 1.76*62.9*(200*103/345) = 2665.4 mm

Assume Lr = 9.455 m
Example 3: (Solution)

Lb = 4.5 m Lp = 2.67 m Lr = 9.455 m

Lb > Lp and Lb < Lr Use the following:

Example 3: (Solution)
Example 3: (Solution)
Step 2: Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced length
(Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 4.5 m
Mn = Fy.Zx

Zx = 2060x103 mm3 Sx = 1840x103 mm3

5.4 Design for Shear
Design for Shear
 Distribution of Shear Stresses in I-Beam
Design for Shear
 To facilitate it is approximated as
calculations, follows:
Design for Shear
 Shear Design Strength as per
ASIC
Design for Shear
 If the following condition is satisfied:

Then,
Design for Shear
 If the following condition is not
satisfied:

Then,

Take kv=1.2
Example 4:
Determine the design shear strength of the following, using F y =
345 MPa for the W16x26.
(Solution)

d = 399 mm, T = 345 mm, tw = 6.35 mm

h/tw = 345 / 6.35 = 54.33 > 2.24 200*103/345 = 53.9

 v = 0.9
Example 4: (Solution)
I-beam  kv = 5 h/tw =
54.33 <
1.15*200*103/345 = 59.22
 Cv = 1.0
Example 4: (Solution)
Shear Design Strength:

Aw = d * t w

vVn = 0.9*0.6*345*(399*6.35)*1.0/1000 = 472 kN

5.5 Serviceability
Serviceability
 When checking serviceability, we have to calculate
deflections considering non-factored (working)
loads.

 Then, considering the structural of the

system beam, actual deflections can be
calculated.
 Serviceability
Actual deflection has to be
less deflection values specified than allowed
by code.

25 mm

10 - 25 mm

10 mm
25 mm
 Serviceability
Actual deflection can be calculated based
on type of loading and support condition.
Example 5:
Check the serviceability limit of W16x31
(A992 Steel) to resist the following:
wD = 6.6 kN/m wL = 8 kN/m
L = 10 m (simply supported) Finish type  Plaster
ceiling
Example 5: (Solution)
W16x31: own weight = 46 kg/m = 0.46 kN/m
Example 5:
Check the serviceability limit of W16x31
(A992 Steel) to resist the following:
Total dead Load = 0.46 + 6.6 = 7.06 kN/m wL = 8 kN/m
= 8*1000/1000 = 8 N/mm

Deflections are checked due to live load.

5wLL4 5× 8 × 10×1000 4
Actual Deflection = =
384EIx 384×200,000×156×106
= 33.4 mm
Example 5:
8
5w L4 5× × 10×1000 4
Actual Deflection = 384EI
L
x
= 1000
384×200,000×156×10 6

= 33.4 mm

Allowable Deflection = 10*1000 / 360 = 27.8

Actual Deflection > Allowable Deflection

 Beam section need to be increased

5.6 Beam Design
Procedure
Beam Design Procedure
 To choose section from
Tables:
Mu
Zx 
0.9×Fy

Choose section from Tables and check it considering

the unbraced length (Lb), Shear, deflection as
previously discussed.
Example 6:
For the floor plan shown below in Figure, choose a
suitable W27 for member B1 for bending, shear, and
deflection. Compare deflections with L/360 for live
loads. The steel is ASTM A992, (Fy = 345
assume that Cb 1.0 for bending. The Mpa);
(including the beam weight) is assumed to be dead
20 kN/m 2
and the live load is 50 kN/m2. Assume thatload the floor
deck provides full lateral stability to the top flange of
B1.
Example 6:

B1

10 m 10 m
Example 6: (Solution)
Distributed Load/m2 = 1.2 (20) + 1.6 (50) = 104 kN/m2
Wu = 104*2 = 208 kN/m
Mu = 208 (10)2/8 = 2600 kN.m Vu = 208 (10)/2 = 1040
kN
 Choose Approximate section from Tables
Mu 2600×106
Zx  = = 8374 x 10 3 mm3
0.9×Fy 0.9×345

Choose W27x161  Zx = 8390x103 mm3

Example 6: (Solution)
Step 1: Check local buckling of the beam (W27x161)

T = 609 mm bf = 356 mm
tw = 16.8 mm tf = 27.4
mm
Local Buckling
Example 6: (Solution)

b = bf / 2 = 356/ 2 = 178 mm b/tf = 6.5 < p = 9.15

b/tf = 178/27.4 = 6.5 Flange is compact.
p = 0.38 200*103/345 = 9.15
Local Buckling
Example 6: (Solution)

h = T = 609 mm h/tw = 36.25 < p = 90.5

h/tw = 609 /16.8 = 36.25 Web is compact.
p = 3.76 200*103/345 = 90.5
Local Buckling
Example 6: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on
unbraced length (Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support with slab  Lb = 0
Mn = Fy.Zx

Zx = 8390x103 mm3
 Local Buckling
Example 6: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced
length
(Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0

Mn = Fy.Zx

= 345 x 8390x103 /106 = 2894.55 kN.m

bMn = 0.9 * 2894.55 = 2605.1 kN.m

Design Bending Strength (bMn) = 2605.1 kN.m

M = 2600 kN.m <M
Local Buckling
Example 6: (Solution)
Check Shear of Beam:
Vu = 1040 kN

Vu ≤
Example 4: (Solution)
W27x161.

d = 701 mm, T = 609 mm, tw = 16.8 mm

h/tw = 701 / 16.8 = 41.73 < 2.24 200*103/345 = 53.9

 v = 0.9 , Cv = 1.0
Example 4: (Solution)
Shear Design Strength:

Aw = d * t w

vVn = 0.9*0.6*345*(701*16.8)*1.0/1000 = 2194 kN

Vu = 1040 kN < 2194 kN

Example 6:
Check the serviceability limit of
W27x161 to resist the following:
wL = 50*2 = 100 kN/m = 100 N/mm

Deflections are checked due to live load. W27x161 has

Ix = 2610 x 106 mm4

5wLL4 5× 100 × 10×1000 4
Actual Deflection = 384EI = 384×200,000×2610×106
x

= 24.94 mm
Deflection Limit = L / 360 = 10*1000/360 = 27.77 mm
Actual Deflection < Deflection Limit  O.K.
Thank you So Much for your attention