CE 408

Steel Design
Chapter 7-Part Two:

Bolted Connections
 Chapter 7-Part Two : Content:
7.1 Bolts Subjected to Shear-Friction Type

7.2 Bolts Subjected to Tension-Bearing Type

7.3 Bolts Subjected to Tension- Friction Type

7.4 Bolts Subjected to Combined Shear and Tension-Bearing Type

7.5 Bolts Subjected to Combined Shear and Tension-Friction Type

 Strength of Bolts
Bolted Connections

Non-pretension Pretension
(Bearing Type) (Friction
Type)

Bolts subjected to
Shear

Bolts subjected to
Tension

Bolts subjected to Combined

Shear & Tension
Bolts Subjected to Shear

Bolt Strength
Friction
Type
 Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
 The Friction capacity of a bolt is calculated as:

Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns
Where:
: Slip coefficient (Coefficient of Friction)
Du = 1.13 (Ratio between bolt pretention and actual field
pretension)
Tb: Minimum fastener tension (kN)  From Table
ns : Number of slip planes.
hf: Filler plate coefficient . = 1.0 (filler plate factor)
 These connections work through friction. Friction Force =  * Normal Force
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
 The friction capacity of a bolt is calculated as:

Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns
Where:
: Slip coefficient (Coefficient of Friction)

For Class A surfaces :  = 0.35

For Class B surfaces:  = 0.50

Unless otherwise listed, assume Class A.

Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
 Tb: Minimum fastener tension (kN)
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
ns:Number of slip planes.

ns = 1.0 for Single Shear

ns = 2.0 for Double Shear

Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3:
Design and layout the bolted connection for the shown
plate: (Friction Type)
300x22 mm Plate (Fy = 345 MPa, Fu = 450 MPa).
M20 Bolt (A325)
 Class B surface. 300x22 mm Plate

 PD = 400 kN
 PL = 500 kN
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)
PD = 400 kN PL = 550 kN

Step 1: Calculate the design load:

Pu1 = 1.4*400 = 560 kN

Pu2 = 1.2*400+1.6*500 300x22 mm Plate

= 1280 kN

 Pu = 1280 kN
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)
Step 2: Calculate bolt strength:

Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns

Assume Class B:  = 0.50

Du = 1.13 , hf = 1.0

Single shear. ns = 1.0 300x22 mm Plate

Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
 Tb: Minimum fastener tension (kN)

Tb= 142 kN
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)
Step 2: Calculate bolt strength:

Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns = 1.0*0.5*1.13*1*142*1 = 80.23 kN

No. of needed bolts = 1280 / 80.23 = 16 Bolt

 Use 16 M20 (A325)

300x22 mm Plate
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)
Step 4: Arrange bolts in connection

Spacing between bolts (S) = 3*db = 3*20 = 60 mm

Use minimum edge distance (Le) = 26 mm

300x22 mm Plate
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Minimum Edge Distance:
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)

300x22 mm Plate

300 mm
Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
Example 3: (Solution)

292 mm

56 60 56
60 60

300 mm
Bolts Subjected to
Tension

Bolt Strength:
1-Bearing Type
2-Friction Type
Strength of Bolts: Bolts in Tension
In some connections, bolts are
subjected to pure tension.

 In this case, the number of

needed bolts depend directly on
the strength of the bolt.
Strength of Bolts: Bolts in Tension
 The tensile capacity of a bolt is calculated as follows:

Rn = 0.75*Fnt Ab

Where:

Fnt: Nominal bolt tensile stress (MPa)

𝜋∗𝑑2𝑏
Ab: Area of Bolt (mm ) =2
4

db: Diameter of Bolt.

Threads included
 Bearing Type

Bolts Subjected to
Combined Shear and
Tension
Strength of Bolts: Combined Shear & Tension
In this connection, bolts are subjected to both shear
Where:
and tension.
frt: Factored tensile stress.
 In this case, we have to consider: frv: Factored shear stress.

 Shear capacity of bolts.

 Tension capacity of bolts. Tension

 Combined capacity of bolts. 4/5*Pu

Shear

3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts: Combined Shear & Tension
In combined loading scenarios, we compute a modified
tensile capacity:

Rn = 0.75*𝐹𝑛𝑡
′ *A
b
Where:

𝐹𝑛𝑡
′ : Modified bolt tensile stress (MPa)

𝜋∗𝑑2𝑏
Ab:Area of Bolt (mm ) =
2
4

db: Diameter of Bolt.

Strength of Bolts
Example 4– Bearing Type bolts:
Check the safety of the shown connection subjected to
combined loading - 4M20 (A325) – Bearing Type bolts.
For steel shapes (Fy = 250 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa).

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN
Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Pu = 1.2*PD + 1.6*PL = 1.2*50 + 1.6*150 = 300 kN
Tu = 4/5*300 = 240 kN Vu = 3/5*300 = 180 kN

Tu = 4/5*Pu

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN

Vu = 3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Tu = 4/5*300 = 240 kN
Vu = 3/5*300 = 180 kN
Number of bolts = 4
Tu/Bolt = 240/4 = 60 kN
Vu/Bolt = 180/4 = 45 kN
Tu = 4/5*Pu

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN

Vu = 3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Rn = 0.75*Fnv Ab

The connection is single shear.

Assume threaded part included in shear plane.

 Get Fnv according to this from Table

Threads included

Single Shear

Fnv = 1*372

= 372 MPa

Fnt = 620 MPa

Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Rn = 0.75*Fnv Ab
= 0.75*372*314.2/1000 = 87.66 kN (For one bolt)

Vu/Bolt = 180/4 = 45 kN < Rn = 87.66 kN

Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Calculate Unmodified tensile capacity of bolt:
Rn = = 0.75*Fnt Ab

Rn = 0.75*620*314.2/1000 = 146.1 kN (for one bolt)

As we have combined shear and tension, we

have to modify the tensile capacity of bolt.
 Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Calculate Modified tensile capacity of bolt:

45∗1000
frv = 314.2
= 143.22 Mpa = Vu/bolt / Ab
From Table: Fnv = 372 MPa ,Fnt = 620 MPa

𝐹𝑛𝑡
′ = 1.3*F
nt –
𝐹𝑛𝑡 *frv ≤ Fnt
∅∗𝐹𝑛𝑣
620
= 1.3*620 - *143.22 = 487.73 MPa
0.75∗372

Modified (R n ) = 0.75*𝐹𝑛𝑡

′ A = 0.75*487.73*314.2/1000
b
= 114.93 kN
 Strength of Bolts
Example 4: (Solution)
Check Connection Safety:

Vu/Bolt = 180/4 = 45 kN
< Shear Capacity Rn = 87.66 kN

Tu/Bolt = 240/4 = 60 kN
< Modified Tensile Capacity (Rn) = 114.93 kN

 Connection is safe
 Friction Type

Bolts Subjected to
Combined Shear and
Tension
Strength of Bolts: Combined Shear & Tension
In this connection, bolts are subjected to both shear
and tension.
 In this case, we have to decrease shear capacity of bolt
due to the applied tension force.

Tension 4/5*Pu

Shear

3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts: Combined Shear & Tension
 The modified shear capacity will be:

Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns *Ksc

Where:

Ksc: the modification factor.

Tu: Required ultimate tension force.

nb: Number of bolts carrying the applied tension.

Strength of Bolts
Example 5-Friction Type:
Check the safety of the shown connection subjected to
combined loading - 4M20 (A325) (Friction). For steel (Fy =
250 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa).

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN
Strength of Bolts
Example 5: (Solution)
Pu = 1.2*PD + 1.6*PL = 1.2*50 + 1.6*150 = 300 kN
Tu = 4/5*300 = 240 kN Vu = 3/5*300 = 180 kN

Tu = 4/5*Pu

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN

Vu = 3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts
Example 5: (Solution)
Tu = 4/5*300 = 240 kN
Vu = 3/5*300 = 180 kN
Number of bolts = 4
Tu/Bolt = 240/4 = 60 kN
Vu/Bolt = 180/4 = 45 kN
Tu = 4/5*Pu

PD= 50 kN
PL= 150 kN

Vu = 3/5*Pu
Strength of Bolts
Example 5: (Solution)
Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns *Ksc

𝜋∗𝑑2 𝜋∗202
= 314.2 mm2
Ab = 4 𝑏= 4

The connection is single shear.

 Get Tb according to this from Table

Strength of Bolts: Friction Type
 Tb: Minimum fastener tension (kN)

Tb= 142 kN
Strength of Bolts
Example 5: (Solution)
Rn = 1.0**Du*hf*Tb*ns *Ksc
= 1.0*0.35*1.13*1.0*142*1*0.626 = 35.2 kN
60
Ksc = 1 - = 0.626
1.13∗142∗1

Assume Class A Surface   = 0.35

Vu/Bolt = 180/4 = 45 kN > Rn

= 35.2 kN

 Connection is not adequate.