GRAPHENE

AND NANOTUBES
BY-
KUSHAGRA
INTRODUCTION

• Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of

a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-
dimensional honeycomb lattice.
• The name is a portmanteau of "graphite" and
the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that
the graphite allotrope of carbon consists of
stacked graphene layers.
 HISTORY

• The theory of graphene was first explored by P.R.Wallace in 1947

as a starting point for understanding the electronic properties of 3D
graphite. 
• Graphene was properly isolated and characterized in 2004
by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of
Manchester. 
• They pulled graphene layers from graphite with a common adhesive
tape in a process called either micromechanical cleavage or
the Scotch tape technique.
• This work resulted in the two winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in
2010
 STRUCTURE

• Three of the four outer-shell electrons of each carbon atom in a

graphene sheet occupy three sp2 hybrid orbitals – a combination
of orbitals s, px and py — that are shared with the three nearest
atoms, forming σ-bonds. The length of these bonds is about
0.142 nanometres.

• The remaining outer-shell electron occupies a pz orbital that is

oriented perpendicularly to the plane. These orbitals hybridize
together to form two half-filled bands of free-moving electrons, π
and π∗, which are responsible for most of graphene's notable
electronic properties.
PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
• Good heat conductor (in all directions)
• Good electric conductor
• Optically transparent(allow 98% light)
• Flexible
• Impermeable material
• Semiconductor properties
• Very thin/thick (~0.34nm)
• Elastic properties (up to 20-25%)
• High tensile strength(200 times than steel)
• Light weight (0.77mg/m2)
• High surface area (2D structure)
• Variety of forms: sheet, ribbon, ball, tube,
stack, etc.
• Good absorbent and adsorbent
APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE

• Super conductor • Nanotubes

• Super semiconductor electronics • Water filtration system
• Graphene batteries • Medical sensors
• Solar cells • Drug delivery
• Photovoltaic devices • Cancer therapy
• Composites-reinforcing materials • Filtration membrane
• Ventablack-blackest material • Storage for gases
 CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS)

• CNTs can be considered as the cylinders formed by folding

or rolling up graphene sheets.

• There are two type of CNTs-

o Multi walled CNT
o Single walled CNT
PROPERTIES OF CNTS
• Strongest known material
• Highly flexible
• High Young’s modulus ~1Tpa
• High strength-weight ratio
• Maximum strain- 10% higher
• Negligible thermal expansion
• Thermal conductivity >5000W/mK
• Oxidation in air at >700°
• Tubular form
• Photoluminescence/ fluorescence
• Semiconductor character
• Fibre-like structure
APPLICATIONS OF CNTS

• Filtration membrane • Nano needles in cancer treatment

• Nano cylinders for H2 storage • Drug delivery system

• Reinforcing material • Biosensors

• Molecular electronics • Bioinspired fabrication

• Field emission display/ flexible screen • Bioinspired materials

• Thermal materials (conductor/insulator) • Tissue engineering

• Structural composites (airplane, windmills) • Therapeutics

• Integrated circuits and microprocessors • Medical support

REFERENCES

• https://www.explainthatstuff.com/graphene.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
• https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-applications
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVXR-6N6eeQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVvgEMhOYfo
THANK
YOU