 Sexual reproduction requires a male and a female of the same species to

copulate and combine their genes in order to produce a new individual

who is genetically different from his parents .
 Sexual reproduction relies on meiosis to shuffle the genes , so that new
combinations of genes occur in each generation

 The male reproductive system produces , sustains , and delivers sperm

cells (spermatozoa) to the female reproductive tract .

 The female reproductive system produces , sustains , and allows egg cells
(oocytes ) to be fertilized by sperm . it also supports the development of
an offspring (gestation) and gives birth to a new individual (parturition) .
Male External Genitalia
 Penis: A copulatory organ that is responsible for delivering
the sperm to the female reproductive tract.
 Contains 2 erectile tissues called corpus cavernosa and
corpus spongiosum , where the latter one enlarges and forms
the glans penis due to increased blood flow during sexual
excitation .
 Penile erection is a Parasympathetic event
 During ejaculation , sympathetic nerves cause vas deferens ,
urethra and erectile tissues to contract, forcefully expelling
semen (a mixture of sex gland fluids and about 300 million
sperm) outward .
Physiology of erection
 Penile erections are the result of vasocongestion
 During sexual arousal, nitric oxide (NO) is released
from nerve endings near blood vessels within the
corpora cavernosa and spongiosum
 Release of NO activates a signaling pathway that results
in relaxation of the smooth muscles that surround the
penile arteries, causing them to dilate.
 Phosphodiesterase (PDe5) enzymes degrades NO to
inhibit erection
 Sildenafil is a Pde 5 inhibitor
Erectile Dysfunction
 ED is the inability to maintain or initiating an
erection
 The combined prevalence of minimal, moderate,
and complete ED is approximately 40 percent in
men at age 40, and reaches nearly 70 percent by 70
years of age
 Priaprism is penile erection lasting for more than
four hours
Male External Genitalia
 Scrotum: A pouch – like cutaneous extension that
contains the two testes . Located outside of pelvic
cavity to prevent overheating of testes [internal
temperature of scrotum is always about 3 ˚F below
body temperature ]
 Male Reproductive System
 Testis : Sex organ that produces sperm in a process called
spermatogenesis , and male sex hormones (testosterone).
 Developed in a male fetus near the kidneys , and descend to the
scrotum about 2 months before birth.
 Each testis is enclosed by a layer of fibrous connective tissue called
tunica alumina .
 Each testis contains about 250 functional units called lobules ; each
lobule contains about 4 seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis
occurs .
 All somniferous tubules in a testis converge and form a channel
called rate testis .
 The dartos muscle located subcutaneously provides
a septum which divides the scrotum into two
compartments
 The cremaster muscles cover the entire testis
 Simultaneous contraction of these two muscles can
elevate the testis to regulate temperature
 Surrounded by two distinct layers of protective
connective tissue
 The outer tunica vaginalis is a serous membrane that
has both a parietal and a thin visceral layer
 the tunica albuginea, a tough, white, dense connective
tissue layer covering the testis itself
Anatomy of the Testis
 The tightly coiled
seminiferous tubules
form the bulk of the
testis
 Each tube contains
sperm cells in varying
levels of development
 Testis also secretes
estradiol which has a
role in libido
Gametogenesis
 Sertoli cells
 Spermatogonia
 Primary
Spermatocytes
 Secondary
Spermatocytes
 Mature Sperm Cells
 Spermatogenesis is
maintained at 32oC
Gametogenesis
 Takes an average of 74
days to mature
 The head is rich in
chromosomal material
(DNA)
 Acrosome contains
lysozome
 Ability to move
forward is acquired in
the epidymis
 Epididymis: An expanded tubule from the rate
testis where sperm is stored (for about 3 days) ,
matured and become fully functional.Contains cilia
on its columnar epithelium that help move sperm
toward vas deferens during ejaculation. .
 Vas deferens: A tubule (about 10 inches long) that
connects epididymis to the urethra for transporting
sperm during ejaculation. Contains smooth muscle
that undergoes rapid peristalsis during ejaculation .
Accessory Sex Glands
Seminal vesicles: secrete an alkaline solution that
makes up 60% of the semen volume ; this seminal
fluid contains fructose (nutrient for the sperm) and
prostaglandins (substances that stimulate uterine
contraction during sexual excitation).
Prostate gland: secretes a slightly acidic , milky white
fluid that makes up about 30% of semen volume ; this
fluid helps neutralize the pH of semen and vaginal
secretion.  Bulb urethral gland: secretes a clear
lubricating fluid that aids in sexual intercourse.
Physiology of Ejaculation
 Sexual stimulation and friction provide the impulses that are
delivered to the spinal cord and into the brain.
 Ejaculation is a reflex action controlled by the
central nervous system . It is triggered when the sexual act reaches
a critical level of excitement. It has two phases.
 In the first phase, the vas deferens (the tubes that store and
transport sperm from the testes) contract to squeeze the sperm
toward the base of the penis and the prostate gland and seminal
vesicles release secretions to make semen. At this stage, the
ejaculation is unstoppable.
 In the second phase, muscles at the base of penis contract every
0.8 seconds and force the semen out of the penis in up to 5 spurts.
Seminal Fluid
 Composition of Semen
 Average ejaculate volume 2.5 – 3.5 ml
 Volume decreases rapdly with repeated ejaculation
 Average 100 Million count
 50% of men with counts of 20-40 Million / ml are
sterile
 Counts under 20 million are sterile
Testosterone
 Testosterone is the principal hormone of the testis
 Synthesized from Cholesterol in the
Leydig Cells Androstenedione in the
Adrenal Cortex
Testosterone
Hypogonadism
 Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the
body doesn't produce enough testosterone — the
hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth
and development during puberty — or has an
impaired ability to produce sperm or both.
 Maybe congenital or acquired
 Fetal development
 If the body doesn't produce enough testosterone during
fetal development, the result may be impaired growth of
the external sex organs. Depending on when
hypogonadism develops and how much testosterone is
present, a child who is genetically male may be born with:
 Female genitals
 Ambiguous genitals — genitals that are neither clearly
male nor clearly female
 Underdeveloped male genitals
 Puberty
 Male hypogonadism may delay puberty or cause
incomplete or lack of normal development. It can cause:
 Decreased development of muscle mass
 Lack of deepening of the voice
 Impaired growth of body hair
 Impaired growth of the penis and testicles
 Excessive growth of the arms and legs in relation to the
trunk of the body
 Development of breast tissue (gynecomastia)
 In adult males, hypogonadism may alter certain masculine physical characteristics and
impair normal reproductive function. Signs and symptoms may include:
 Erectile dysfunction
 Infertility
 Decrease in beard and body hair growth
 Decrease in muscle mass
 Development of breast tissue (gynecomastia)
 Loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)
 Hypogonadism can also cause mental and emotional changes. As testosterone decreases,
some men may experience symptoms similar to those of menopause in women. These may
include:
 Fatigue
 Decreased sex drive
 Difficulty concentrating
 Hot flashes
Thank you